Table 3 Asessment of study quality by the PEDro Scale
Ades et al., 2003a [32] | Benavent-Caballer et al., 2014a [33] | Binder et al., 2002a [15] | Boshuizen et al., 2005a [34] | Buchner et al., 1997a [35] | Cadore et al., 2014a [36] | Chandler et al., 1998b [16] | Chin a Pow et al., 2006a [37] | Clemson et al., 2012b [38] | Danilovich et al., 2016 a [39] | Fahlman et al., 2007b [40] | Hewitt et al., 2018b [41] | Latham et al., 2003b [42] | McMurdo & Johnstone 1995a [43] | Mihalko & McAuley 1996a [44] | Sahin et al., 2018a [45] | Seynnes et al., 2004a [17] | Timonen et al., 2006b [46] | Venturelli et al., 2010a [47] | Westhoff et al., 2000a [18] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Eligibility criteria were specified (external validity) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
2. subjects were randomly allocated to groups (in a crossover study, subjects were randomly allocated an order in which treatments were received) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Yc | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
3. Allocation was concealed | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y |
4. The groups were similar at baseline regarding the most important prognostic indicators | Y | Na | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Nb | Y | Y | Nb | Y | Y | Y | Nb | Y |
5. There was blinding of all subjects | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N |
6. There was blinding of all therapists who administered the therapy | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
7. There was blinding of all assessors who measured at least one key outcome | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y |
8. Measures of at least one key outcome were obtained from more than 85% of the subjects initially allocated to groups | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N |
9. All subjects for whom outcome measures were available received the treatment or control condition as allocated or, where this was not the case, data for at least one key outcome was analysed by “intention-to-treat” | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N |
10. The results of between-group statistical comparisons are reported for at least one key outcome | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
11. The study provides both point measures and measures of variability for at least one key outcome | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Total score for internal validity (item 2–15) | 5 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 |