Table 1 Baseline participant characteristics and group differences
Control (n = 25) | Experimental (n = 27) | Total (n = 52) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 69.0 (5.9) | 70.7 (5.6) | 69.9 (5.8) | 0.293 |
Sex: | ||||
- Male | 12 (48.0%) | 12 (44.4%) | 24 (46.2%) | 0.797 |
- Female | 13 (52.0%) | 15 (55.6%) | 28 (53.8%) | |
Education: | 0.038* | |||
- Higher | 22 (88.0%) | 20 (74.1%) | 42 (80.8%) | |
- Secondary | 1 (4.0%) | 7 (25.9%) | 8 (15.4%) | |
- Basic | 2 (8.0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.8%) | |
Smoking status | 1.000 | |||
- Smoker | 1 (4.0%) | 2 (7.4%) | 3 (5.8%) | |
IPAQ-SF kcal/week | 5759.8 (4542.3) | 3296.7 (2711.3) | 4480.9 (3873.1) | 0.024* |
IPAQ-SF PA level: | 0.116 | |||
- sedentary | 1 (4.0%) | 4 (14.8%) | 5 (9.6%) | |
- moderately active | 8 (32.0%) | 13 (48.1%) | 21 (40.4%) | |
- highly active | 16 (64.0%) | 10 (37.0%) | 26 (50.0%) | |
Height (cm) | 168.6 (7.8) | 165.0 (8.8) | 166.9 (8.4) | 0.080 |
Weight (kg) | 77.4 (21.8) | 77.3 (14.7) | 77.4 (18.8) | 0.988 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (3.3) | 28.4 (4.6) | 28.1 (5.0) | 0.385 |
Body fat (%) | 31.1 (8.0) | 32.2 (9.6) | 31.5 (9.4) | 0.656 |
MVC (Nm) | 158.1 (32.4) | 141.6 (38.5) | 149.0 (36.3) | 0.212 |
MoCA score | 24.5 (3.4) | 25.6 (2.5) | 25.0 (3.0) | 0.204 |
High MCI risk | 14 (56.0%) | 13 (48.1%) | 27 (51.9%) | 0.571 |
ANAM test results | ||||
- 2-choice reaction time (ms) | 604.4 (113.3) | 637.1 (123.9) | 621.4 (118.9) | 0.326 |
- Go/No-go (ms) | 475.5 (56.2) | 471.8 (57.8) | 473.6 (56.5) | 0.818 |
- Memory search (ms) | 1193.1 (298.7) | 1306.8 (239.6) | 1252.1 (273.0) | 0.135 |
-Mathematical processing (ms) | 3342.5 (1104.3) | 3170.0 (716.3) | 3253.0 (918.2) | 0.511 |
Blood biomarkers | ||||
- IL-6 (pg/mL) | 7.5 (8.0) | 7.8 (8.8) | 7.6 (8.4) | 0.888 |
- KYN (ng/mL) | 1550.1 (724.3) | 1686.1 (872.3) | 1619.4 (798.1) | 0.548 |
- IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 124.7 (50.0) | 123.4 (62.0) | 124.0 (55.9) | 0.934 |