Table 4 Characteristics of nonrandomized controlled trials

Baron et al. [26]

Prospective case control

3C

3

Two boys and one girl, mean 13.3 years of age

Yang style, 3 weeks, twice 60 min/week, posttest at 2 weeks

1

NI

Conners scale, STAIC A-state, mood

Descriptive analysis

Reduction of hyperactivity for the female subject

Hernandez-Reif et al. [30]

Case control

2+C

13

Hyperactive children, 14.5 ± 1.5 years of age

Style NI, 5 weeks, twice 30 min/week, posttest a 2 weeks

2

NI

Conners scale

Student test

Significant reduction in hyperactivity symptoms, anxiety, and behavioral improvements

Mills et al. [31]

Case control

2−C

12

Patients with multiple sclerosis

Style NI, 8 weeks of interventions, with six short time training session

NI

4

POMS, multiple sclerosis symptoms list, OLS, ADL

ANOVA, student test, Ki²

After 8 weeks, balance and autonomy level increased, whereas fatigue tended to reduce

Ross et al. [32]

Quasi-experimental

2+C

17

Older adults from 68 to 92 years of age

Style NI, 8 weeks, 60 min/week

15

4

MAACL-R, sit and reach test, balance and functionality measures

Student test

Tai Chi was found to reduce pain and improve balance and mood

Schaller [36]

Quasi-experimental with allocation choose by patients

2+C

46

Healthy older adults TCC n = 24, con n = 22, 70 ± 5.9 years of age

20 Movements from Chih style, 10 weeks 60 min/week

NI

NI

SF36, POMS, OLS, flexibility testing and blood pressure

ANOVA, ANCOVA

Tai Chi was found to improve up to 50% the OLS score. No benefits were found on quality of life

Wang et al. [17]

Case control

2−C

30

Students, 24, 23 years of age

24 Movements from Yang style, twice 60 min/week

19

NI

SF36, V2

Student test

Significant improvement of vitality, emotional, and mental functions