Table 2 Exercise program, study follow-up, control group characteristics, and training principles

Binder et al. [14]

Supervised multicomponent training (flexibility, balance, coordination, speed of reaction, strength, and endurance), three times per week during 9 months

9 months

Low-intensity home-based training (flexibility); 1 h/session, two to three times per week for 9 months

Frequency, duration, intensity, progression, individualization, and specificity

Ehsani et al. [19]

see Binder et al. [14]

see Binder et al. [14]

see Binder et al. [14]

progression, individualization, frequency, duration, intensity, and specificity

Brown et al. [15]

Supervised low-intensity multicomponent training, three times per week for 3 months (flexibility, balance, body handling skills, speed of reaction, coordination, and strength)

3 months

Low-intesity home-based exercise (flexibility); 1 h/session, three times per week for 3 months

Progression, frequency, individualization, and specificity

Jensen et al. [28]

11-week supervised multicomponent exercise program (balance, ambulation, strength, endurance, flexibility, and safe movement behavior) executed, in general, two to three times per week, 1–3 h/week

11-week intervention, 9-month follow-up

Usual care

Progression, individualization, intensity, duration, frequency, and specificity

Rydwik et al. [29]

Supervised multicomponent exercise program (endurance, strength, and balance), 1 h/session, two times per week for 12 weeks

3-month intervention, 9-month follow-up

General advice on physical training and diet

Progression, individualization, intensity, duration, frequecy, and specificity

Timonen et al. [33]

Supervised multicomponent exercise program (resistance training and functional exercises), two times per week, 90 min/session, for 10 weeks

10-month intervention, 9-month follow-up after intervention

Requested to perform a home-based functional exercise program, two to three times per week

Timonen et al. [32]

see Timonen et al. [33]

see Timonen et al. [33]

see Timonen et al. [33]

Progression, individualization, intensity, duration, frequency, and specificity

Timonen et al. [31]

see Timonen et al. [33]

see Timonen et al. [33]

see Timonen et al. [33]

Progression, individualization, intensity, duration, frequency, and specificity

Binder et al. [37]

6 months of supervised multicomponent training (flexibility, balance, coordination, movement speed, strength, and endurance), 45–90 min/session (with possible breaks), three times per week

6 months

Low-intesity home-based exercise (flexibility); 1 h/session three times per week for 6 months

Progression, individualization frequency, specificity, and duration

Greenspan et al. [22]

Supervised tai chi exercise (trunk rotation, weight shifting, coordination, and gradual narrowing of the lower extremity stance), two times per week from 10 to 50 min for 48 weeks

48 weeks

wellness educational program (instructions on falls-prevention, exercise, balance diet, and nutrition) 1 h/week

Sattin et al. [25]

see Greenspan et al. [22]

see Greenspan et al. [22]

see Greenspan et al. [22]

Wolf et al. [26]

see Greenspan et al. [22]

see Greenspan et al. [22]

see Greenspan et al. [22]

Progression, individualization, duration, frequency, and specificity

Wolf et al. [36]

see Greenspan et al. [22]

see Greenspan et al. [22]

see Greenspan et al. [22]

Progression, individualization, frequency, duration, and specificity (for some measures)

Wolf et al. [34]

15 weeks of supervised tai chi (two times per week; subjects were requested to try two times per day for 15 min—not monitored) or balance training (once per week)

15-month intervention; 4-month after follow-up

Discussions with a nurse (e.g., sleep disorders), once a week, 1 h/session for 15 weeks

Progression, frequency individualization, and specificity

Greiwe et al. [23]

Supervised resistance training program, three times per week for 3 months, 50–90 min/session

3 months

Light stretching program for 3 months

Latham et al. [24]

Home-based resistance quadriceps exercise (ankle cuff weights), three times per week during 10 weeks

10-month intervention, 6-month follow-up

Frequency-matched telephone calls and home visits

Individualization, specificity, intensity, and frequency

Dorner et al. [27]

three times per week, 50 min/session, of a supervised resistance exercise program focused on strength and balance

10 weeks

Frequency, duration, and specificity

Seynnes et al. [35]

Supervised 10-week resistance training (knee muscles), three times per week

10 weeks

Placebo exercise (empty cuff weights)

Progression, individualization, intensity, frequency, and specificity

Miller et al. [38]

Supervised resistance training (hip extensors and abductors, knee extensors, ankle dorsi, and plantar-flexors), three times per week, 20–30 min/session for 12 weeks

12 weeks

Usual care. matched visits (“attention effect”), three times per week (weeks 1–6); and once a week (weeks 7–12)

Progression, individualization, intensity, duration, frequency, and specificity

Chin A Paw et al. [16]

Supervised skills training program, two times per week for 17 weeks, 45 min/session (focused on strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and coordination)

17 weeks

social program, once or twice a week, 90 min/session (adjustment for socializing and attention effects)

Progression, individualization, duration, frequency, intesity, and specificity

Chin A Paw et al. [17]

see Chin A Paw et al. [16]

see Chin A Paw et al. [16]

see Chin A Paw et al. [16]

de Jong et al. [18]

see Chin A Paw et al. [16]

see Chin A Paw et al. [16]

see Chin A Paw et al. [16]

Alexander et al. [39]

Supervised bed- and chair-rise task-specific training with emphasis on strength and range of motion (proximal upper and lower extremity, musculature, and trunk), performed for 12 weeks, three times per week, 1 h/session

12 weeks

12-week exercise program focused on flexibility, three times per week, 1 h/session

Progression, individualization, intensity, frequency, duration, and specificity

Rosendahl et al. [41]

Supervised functional exercise program (everyday tasks challenging leg strength, postural stability, and gait ability) with 45 min/session, five times every 2 weeks for 3 months

3-month intervention and 6-month follow-up

Social activities (watching films, reading, singing, and conversation)

Progression, individualization, frequency, duration, intensity, and specificity

Faber et al. [20]

Supervised fall-preventive exercise programs (focused on balance and functional strength, and/or tai chi principles), 60 min/session, once a week for 4 weeks, and two times per week for 16 weeks.

20-week intervention and 52-week follow-up

Progression, individualization, duration, frequency, and specificity

Gill et al. [21]

6-month home-based exercise program (balance once a day and leg and arm-conditioning and strengthening three times per week); participants received in average 14.9 visits of a physical therapist

6-month intervention and 12-month follow-up

educational program (attention and health education), 45–60 min/session for 6 months, with visits of a health educator

Individualization, specificity, and frequency

Gill et al. [40]

see Gill et al. [21]

see Gill et al. [21]

see Gill et al. [21]

Individualization, specificity, and frequency

Shimada et al. [30]

Two supervised exercise training (balance and gait training), two to three times per week during 40 min/session, for 12 weeks

12 weeks

Usual care

Individualization, duration, frequency, and specificity