Impact of physical activity on activity of daily living in moderate to severe dementia: a critical review

Table 3 Intervention modalities of the selected studies

Authors	Program duration (months)	Session duration (minutes)	Frequency per week	Exercise leader	Group size participants (number)	Outcomes
Kwak et al. [26]	12	30–40	2 to 3	No information	No information	Seven ADL categories
Rolland et al. [25]	12	60	2	Occupational therapist	No information	ADL
Steinberg et al. [23]	3	No information	6 (aerobic), 4 (strength, balance and flexibility training)	Exercise physiologist	Individual	Hand activity relevant for ADL
Stevens and Killeen [24]	3	30	3	Researchers	No information	ADL
Francese et al. [27]	1.75	20	3	Physical therapist	No information	ADL

Kwak et al. [26], Steinberg et al. [23] (data not available), and Stevens and Killeen [24] reported a significant improvement of ADL scores. Littbrand et al. [28] and Rolland et al. [25] showed significant delay of ADL deterioration, only after 12 months of program duration. The intermediate results at 6 months were not significant. Post-treatment ADL scores of the control group of Stevens and Killeen’s study [24] (data not available) decreased significantly compared to baseline assessment. ADL scores of both groups deteriorated significantly in the study of Rolland et al. [25] compared to baseline assessment

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