Impact of physical activity on activity of daily living in moderate to severe dementia: a critical review

Table 4 Outcomes: mean score and standard deviation of ADL assessments

			Baseline score				Time	Post-intervention Score				p value
			EG		CG		Time	EG		CG		E/C
Reference	Assessment tool	Max score	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Months	Mean	SD	Mean	SD		ADL deterioration
Kwak et al. [26]	ACSM	24	14.4	5.32	13.33	5.23	12	19.8	4.75	12.13	4.75	**
Rolland et al. [25]	Katz Index	6	3.2	1.3	3.1	1.3	12	2.6	1.5	2.2	1.5	*	*EG, CG
Steinberg et al. [23]	JTT (s)	1)	107.3	49.9	83.5	41.9	3	NA	NA	NA	NA	*
Francese et al. [27]	CADS	88	25	4.2	26.4	2.3	1.75	24.67	2.66	26.6	2.3	NS
Intermediate scores
	Assessment tool	Max score	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Months	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	ADL	ADL deterioration
Rolland et al. [25]	Katz Index	6	3.2	1.3	3.1	1.3	6	2.7	1.4	2.6	1.5	NS	NA
Steinberg et al. [23]	JTT (s)						1.5	NA	NA	NA	NA
Kwak et al. [26]	ACSM	24					6	17.53	5.46	12.07	4.52	**
Change score
					Assessment tool	Max score	Time	Differences pre-/post-intervention					p value
					Assessment tool	Max score	Months	EG	CG	ADL↓	CG	ADL↓	E/C
Stevens and Killeen [24]^a					Self-help skill	24	3	4.292	−2.8	**	0.524	NS	**

Jebsen Total Time Test assesses hand function which is relevant for ADL performance. American College of Sports Medicine Method assesses ADL according to the seven following categories: clothing, eating, moving, urinating, bathing, controlling feces, and washing hands. Kwak et al. [26], Steinberg et al. [23] (data not available), and Stevens and Killeen [24] reported a significant improvement of ADL scores. Littbrand et al. [28] and Rolland et al. [25] showed significant delay of ADL deterioration, only after 12 months of program duration. The intermediate results at 6 months were not significant. Post-treatment ADL scores of the control group of Stevens and Killeen’s study [24] (data not available) decreased significantly compared to baseline assessment. ADL scores of both groups deteriorated significantly in the study of Rolland et al. [25] compared to baseline assessment
BI Barthel Index, Self-help skill is an ADL item of the Revised Elderly Persons Disability Scale, JTT Jebsen Total Time Test, CADS Changes in Advanced Dementia Scale, ACSM American College of Sports Medicine, NA data non-available, Time time since baseline assessment, ADL↓ decline of ADL performance, Max score maximum score, EG experimental group, CG control group, E/C in-between group comparison, NS not significant
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
^aControl group 1 = no intervention; control group 2 = social intervention

ISSN: 1861-6909