Table 2 Characteristics of the studies
From: Is water-based exercise training sufficient to improve physical fitness in the elderly?
Author | Subjects | Age | Grouping | Training modality | Program and intensity | Frequency | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Katsura et al. (2009) | 20 (16Â F, 4Â M) | >64 | Resistance group | Combined strength and endurance exercises (with water resistance equipment) | Moderate to strong levels of RPE scale; resistance training using water resistance equipment | 3 | 8Â weeks | |
Non-resistance group | Aquatic exercise training without water resistance equipment | Moderate to strong levels of RPE scale | ||||||
Vale et al. (2009) | 35 F | >60 | SG—strength training group (N = 12) | Progressive resistance training | 4 weeks: 10 min warm-up + 35 min progressive resistance training at 50% of 1-RM | 3 | 12 weeks | |
8 weeks 10 min warm-up + 35 min progressive resistance training at 75–85% of 1-RM | ||||||||
AG—aerobic training group (N = 13) | Progressive aerobic aquatic training | 4 weeks at 2 and 3 Borg's CR10 Perceived Exertion Scale | ||||||
8Â weeks at 3 and 4 Borg's CR10 Scale | ||||||||
CG—control group (10) |  | Daily living activity—not engaged in any physical activity |  |  | ||||
Bocalini et al. (2008) | 72 F | >61 | WE—Water-based exercise (N = 27) | Combined aquatic aerobic and resistance training | Aerobic exercise at 70% of age predicted maximum HR |  | 3 | 12 weeks |
WL—walking on land (N = 25) | Walking exercise | 60 min exercise each session at 70% of age predicted maximum HR |  | 5 | ||||
S—sedentary group (N = 20) |  |  |  |  |  | |||
Cancela Carral et al. (2007) | 62 F | >64 | G1—group 1 (N = 31) | 4 months: exercise in water; 5 months subsequent: exercise in water (twice per week) and strength exercise (three times per week) | Strength training at 75% of 1-RM | Exercise in water: 45 min. | 5 | 9 months |
G2—group 2 (N = 31) | 4 months: exercise in water; 5 months subsequent: exercise in water (twice per week) and calisthenic exercise (three times per week) | Calisthenic exercise: | First microcycle 15 min (6 strength exercise + 9 general movement). | |||||
First microcycle main activity 15Â min (6 strength free body exercises and 9 aerobic). | The fourth and last microcycle 30Â min (strength exercise + 20Â min general movement) | |||||||
The remaining microcycles 30Â min of main exercises | ||||||||
Broman et al. (2006) | 29 F | >64 | Training group (N = 18) | High intensity deep water interval training with wet vest | 3 phases: | 2 | 8 weeks | |
A (10Â min) from 75% to 80% maximum HR | ||||||||
B (10Â min) from 75% to 85% maximum HR | ||||||||
C (10Â min) from 75% to 85% maximum HR | ||||||||
Control group (N = 11) |  |  |  | |||||
Tsourlou et al. (2006) | 22 F | >59 | AT—aquatic training (N = 12) | Combined aerobic and resistance aquatic exercise | 25 min aerobic-type exercise, 20–25 min of resistance exercise | 3 | 24 weeks | |
Aerobic exercise intensity progress from 65% to 80% maximum HR | ||||||||
Resistance exercise program included 15 for 2/3 sets at progressive training from 60 to 120 b min−1. 20/30 s recovery time between the sets | ||||||||
C—control group (N = 10) |  |  |  |  | ||||
Takeshima et al. (2002) | 30 F | >59 | TR—training group (N = 15) | Combined aerobic and resistance aquatic exercise | Endurance training: 30 min per session at the correspondent HR to lactate threshold | 3 | 12 weeks | |
Resistance exercise: 10Â min each session with each body exercise performed 12/15 per 1 set at maximum velocity of execution | ||||||||
Nonexercise control group (N = 15) |  |  |  |  | ||||
Taunton et al. (1996) | 41 F | >64 | Water-based exercise program (N = 23) | Combined aerobic and resistance aquatic exercise | Aerobic exercise 20 min each session at 60–65% of maximum HR | 3 | 12 weeks | |
Land-based exercise program (N = 18) | Combined aerobic and resistance exercise | Strength and resistance 8 min | ||||||
Flexibility and balance 7Â min | ||||||||
LBE and WBE programs were matched as closely as possible in content | ||||||||
Ruoti et al. (1994) | 20 (12 F, 8 M) | >59 | Exercise group (N = 12) | Nonswimming water exercise | Structured physical activity protocol, 1 set each exercise with time of execution from 30 min to 60 min at 80% of maximum HR | 3 | 12 weeks | |
Control group (N = 8) |  |  |  |  | ||||