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Table 3 Results

From: Is water-based exercise training sufficient to improve physical fitness in the elderly?

Author

Group

Aerobic or endurance capacity

Strength and muscular endurance

Flexibility

Body composition

Katsura et al. (2009)

Resistance group (N = 12)

 

Leg extension force (N m): 339.0 ± 61.1 to 340.5 ± 53.0

Sit and reach test (cm): 27.9 ± 8.3 to 31.3 ± 6.7*

 

Muscle strength of planter flexion (kg)*: 32.3 ± 6.8 to 43.8 ± 6.5

Muscle strength of dorsi flexion (kg): 22.7 ± 3.3 to 23.1 ± 5.4

Nonresistance group (N = 8)

 

Leg extension force (N m): 382.8 ± 95.2 to 391.1 ± 78.3

Sit and reach test (cm): 23.6 ± 5.0 to 28.0 ± 4.8*

 

Muscle strength of planter flexion (kg)*: 40.4 ± 6.7 to 48.1 ± 9.6*

Muscle strength of dorsi flexion (kg): 24.5 ± 5.0 to 27.5 ± 3.8

Vale et al. (2009)

SG—strength training group (N = 12)

 

Bench press (kg): 16.50 ± 4.27 to not reported (+42.4%)*

  

Leg press 45° (kg): 51.67 ± 1.02 to not reported (+71.0%)*

AG—aerobic training group (N = 13)

Bench press (kg): 24.46 ± 3.84 to not reported (1.02%)

Leg press 45° (kg): 77.81 ± 3.06 to not reported (26.17%)*

CG—control group (10)

Bench press (kg): 21.08 ± 1.03 (4.40%)

Leg press 45° (kg): 67.30 ± 2.45 (3.26%)

Bocalini et al. (2008)

WE—water based exercise (N = 27)

VO2 max (ml kg−1 kg−1): 20 ± 3 to 35 ± 3 (42%)*,**,***

Arm curl test (number to exhaustion): 17 ± 3 to 25 ± 1*,**,***

Back scratch test (cm): −10 ± 2 to −6 ± 2*,**,***

 

Sit and reach test (cm): 24 ± 3 to 36 ± 2*,**,***

WL—walking on land (N = 25)

VO2 max (ml kg−1 kg−1): 19 ± 4 to 28 ± 2 (32%)*,**

Arm curl test (number to exhaustion): 20 ± 2 to 22 ± 3

Back scratch test (cm): −11 ± 1 to −10 ± 1

Sit and reach test (cm): 21 ± 2 to 28 ± 2*,**

S—sedentary group (N = 20)

Not reported

Arm curl test (number to exhaustion): 19 ± 1 to 21 ± 2

Back scratch test (cm): −11 ± 2 to −10 ± 1

Sit and reach test (cm): 22 ± 2 to 23 ± 2

Cancela Carral et al. (2007)

G1—group 1 (N = 31)

VO2 max (ml kg−1 kg−1): 19.39 ± 5.85 to 18.80 ± 6.00

Right hand grip (kg): 19.58 ± 5.74 to 22.14 ± 6.26*

Sit and reach test (cm): 23.21 ± 7.43 to 24.82 ± 7.24*

 

Time 2,000 m (min): 22.12 ± 1.95 to 21.48 ± 1.41

Left grip (kg): 18.78 ± 5.76 to 20.76 ± 5.62*

Leg strength (kg): 51.08 ± 27.55 to 61.10 ± 22.84*

Abdominal resistance strength (number to exhaustion): 55.03 ± 26.24 to 61.71 ± 14.00*

G2—group 2 (N = 31)

VO2 max (ml kg−1 kg−1): 17.50 ± 9.87 to 17.58 ± 9.81

Right hand grip (kg): 18.21 ± 5.08 to 18.32 ± 5.01

Sit and reach test (cm): 23.18 ± 5.44 to 26.47 ± 7.59*

Time 2,000 m (min): 22.02 ± 3.01 to 22.39 ± 3.02

Left hand grip (kg): 17.76 ± 5.33 to 17.48 ± 5.36

Leg strength (kg): 43.83 ± 18.04 to 45.72 ± 17.30

Abdominal resistance strength (number to exhaustion): 50.92 ± 25.08 to 50.89 ± 23.85

Broman et al. (2006)

Training group (N = 18)

Work rate (W): 120 ± 20 to 132 ± 20*

   

VO2 (l min−1): 1.74 ± 0.25 to 1.92 ± 0.28*

VO2 (ml kg−1 kg−1) 25.5 ± 2.3 to 27.2 ± 2.1*

Control group (N = 11)

Work rate (W): 111 ± 27 to 116 ± 22

VO2 (l min−1) 1.65 ± 0.29 to 1.72 ± 0.27

VO2 (ml kg−1 kg−1) 22.5 ± 4.3 to 23.3 ± 4.0

Tsourlou et al. (2006)

AT—aquatic training (N = 12)

 

Knee extension (N m): 80.8 ± 8 to 89.3 ± 7.9*,**

Sit and reach test (cm): 21.15 ± 1.9 to 23.60 ± 1.8*

FFM (kg): 38.0 ± 1.1 to 39.3 ± 1.2*

Knee flexion (N m): 54.3 ± 5.5 to 61.6 ± 5.4*,**

1-RM knee extension (kg): 41.70 ± 2.5 to 53.97 ± 2.7*,**

1-RM leg press (kg): 62.05 ± 3.6 to 80.35 ± 3.7*,**

1-RM chest press (kg): 25.45 ± 1.7 to 32.00 ± 1.70*,**

1-RM lat pull down (kg): 28.77 ± 1.4 to 28.28 ± 1.0

Hand grip (kg): 24.05 ± 1.2 to 27.14 ± 1.3*,**

C—control group (N = 10)

 

Knee extension (N m) 82.5 ± 9.2 to 83.6 ± 12.2

Sit and reach test (cm): 22.56 ± 2.4 to 22.87 ± 2.4

FFM (kg): 41.0 ± 0.8 to 40.7 ± 0.7

Knee flexion (N m) 55.1 ± 9.2 to 57.8 ± 11.3

1-RM knee extension (kg): 40.50 ± 2.6 to 41.37 ± 2.7

1-RM leg press (kg): 57.18 ± 4.0 to 58.44 ± 4.6

1-RM chest press (kg): 24.81 ± 1.8 to 25.56 ± 1.80

1-RM lat pull down (kg): 25.94 ± 0.8 to 24.19 ± 1.4

Hand grip (kg): 23.4 ± 2.7 to 23.6 ± 2.3

Takeshima et al. (2002)

TR—training group (N = 15)

VO2 at lactate threshold (l min−1): 0.777 ± 0.214 to 0.934 ± 0.224 (20%)*

Knee extension (N m) 34.4 ± 8.0 to 37.3 ± 7.4*,**

Trunk extension (cm): 32.6 ± 11.1 to 36.1 ± 8.0

Sum of skinfold (mm): 40.5 ± 11.1 to 37.3 ± 10.3*

Peak VO2 (l min−1): 1.178 ± 0.39 to 1.314 ± 0.341 (12%)*

Knee flexion (N m): 26.0 ± 7.8 to 29.3 ± 8.1*,**

Trunk flexion (cm): 15.4 ± 5.9 to 16.6 ± 4.7

Arm girth (cm): 27.7 ± 2.8 to 28.0 ± 2.9

Chest press (N m): 216.4 ± 46.1 to 231.9 ± 49.1*,**

Thigh girth (cm): 45.0 ± 3.7 to 45.5 ± 4.6

Chest pull (N m): 224.1 ± 45.2 to 248.2 ± 53.2*,**

Low back extension (N m): 216.4 ± 78.1 to 230.0 ± 51.8*,**

Low back flexion (N m): 132.8 ± 30.9 to 127.9 ± 39.4

Shoulder press (N m): 88.2 ± 28.1 to 92.0 ± 25.4*,**

Shoulder pull (N m): 193.8 ± 43.3 to 205.5 ± 47.4*,**

Vertical jump (cm): 23.1 ± 4.6 to 25.2 ± 4.4*,**

Nonexercise control group (N = 15)

VO2 at lactate threshold (l min−1): not reported

Knee extension (N m): 34.4 ± 5.3 to 33.7 ± 5.3

Trunk extension (cm): 29.7 ± 9.6 to 29.2 ± 9.9

Sum of skinfold (mm): 47.5 ± 12.5 to 49.4 ± 12.7

Peak VO2 (l min−1): not reported

Knee flexion (N m): 34.4 ± 5.3 to 33.7 ± 5.3

Trunk flexion (cm): 8.3 ± 8.0 to 8.5 ± 8.3

Arm girth (cm): 28.4 ± 1.8 to 28.3 ± 2.0

Chest press (N m): 216.6 ± 41.4 to 213.1 ± 40.7

Thigh girth (cm): 46.8 ± 2.8 to 47.0 ± 2.8

Chest pull (N m): 234.2 ± 45.1 to 229.3 ± 46.1

Low back extension (N m): 231.1 ± 57.4 to 197.9 ± 74.6

Low back flexion (N m): 142.6 ± 41.7 to 117.5 ± 49.9

Shoulder press (N m): 106.6 ± 22.8 to 96.7 ± 22.9

Shoulder pull (N m): 223.8 ± 36.2 to 208.0 ± 42.9

Vertical jump (cm): 23.0 ± 4.8 to 22.3 ± 4.5

Taunton et al. (1996)

Water-based exercise program (N = 23)

VO2 max (ml kg−1 kg−1): 18.8 ± 3.5 to 21.1 ± 3.3 (11.7%)*

Grip strength (kg): 52.2 ± 10.7 to 52.5 ± 9.3

Sit and reach test (cm): 29.3 ± 9.2 to 31.9 ± 9.1

Sum of skinfold (mm): 80.8 ± 30.4 to 82.3 ± 33.3

Curl-up (number min−1): 34 ± 20 to 45 ± 33

Waist to hip ratio (cm): 0.85 ± 0.07 to 0.85 ± 0.06

Push-up (number to exhaustion): 19 ± 19 to 22 ± 12

Land-based exercise program (N = 18)

VO2 max (ml kg−1 kg−1): 18.4 ± 3.2 to 20.9 ± 3.6 (10.9%)*

Grip strength (kg): 49.5 ± 10.7 to 48.3 ± 8.9

Sit and reach test (cm): 28.8 ± 7.8 to 27.6 ± 10.9

Sum of skinfold (mm): 82.6 ± 35.8 to 83.3 ± 37.1

Curl-up (number min−1): 32 ± 15 to 53 ± 30*

Waist to hip ratio (cm): 0.81 ± 0.06 to 0.76 ± 0.17

Push-up (number to exhaustion): 17 ± 13 to 21 ± 10

Ruoti et al. (1994)

Exercise group (N = 12)

VO2 max (ml kg−1 kg−1): 23.37 ± 0.4 to 26.95 ± 0.5*,**

Work capacity—shoulder abduction–adduction (repetitions/min): 6.29 ± 0.3 to 8.48 ± 0.3*,**

 

Fat mass (%): 38.48 ± 0.5 to 36.90 ± 0.5

Endurance work (heart rate at the same workload): 123.94 ± 6.3 to 98.36 ± 6.2*,**

Work capacity—shoulder flexion–extension (repetitions/min): 3.08 ± 0.1 to 3.41 ± 0.1*,**

Control group (N = 8)

VO2 max (ml kg−1 kg−1): 23.17 ± 0.4 to 21.84 ± 0.6

Work capacity—shoulder abduction–adduction (repetitions/min): 6.07 ± 0.2 to 5.82 ± 0.3

Fat mass (%): 38.20 ± 0.6 to 38.21 ± 0.6

Endurance work (heart rate at the same workload): 120.84 ± 6.9 to 122.46 ± 7.8

Work capacity—shoulder flexion–extension (repetitions/min): 3.13 ± 0.1 to 2.87 ± 0.1

  1. Change (%) has been reported when defined in the included studies
  2. * p < 0.05 in within group analysis; ** p < 0.05 in between group analysis; *** p < 0.05 among all group analysis