Table 2 Identification of references and percentage of incidence of the causes and risk factors for falls

 Medication (overdose)

[3, 5, 7–9, 13, 17, 19, 21, 22, 84, 33, 39, 40, 48, 53, 55–57, 60, 61, 63, 66, 70, 71, 77, 78, 86]

 Fear of falling (after the first fall)

[1, 13, 18, 20, 25, 32, 33, 37–39, 41, 47, 52, 53, 56, 62, 63, 67, 68, 70, 76–78, 81, 86]

 Fear of falling (without ever having fallen)

[6, 13, 18, 20, 25, 32, 33, 38, 39, 41, 52, 53, 62, 63, 67, 76, 77, 79, 81, 85]

 Reduction of physical activity

[6, 19, 20, 23, 84, 39–41, 55, 63, 71, 75, 77, 86]

 Activities of daily living

[13, 20, 21, 25, 29, 36, 39, 63, 81, 86]

 Alcohol consumption

[2, 13, 19, 84, 40, 53, 55, 63, 70]

 Slip/slide

[23, 33, 40, 45, 46, 64]

 Direction of fall (sideways)

[14, 24, 25, 49]

 Fainting

[13, 33, 55, 57]

 Inappropriate footwear

[17, 84, 48]

 Smoking

[40, 55, 63]

 Direction of fall (forward)

[14, 23]

 Difficulties in dressing

[55]

 Level/angle/position of the impact

[40]

 Lack of balance while walking

[2, 5–7, 9, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 31, 33, 39, 40, 45, 48, 53, 55, 62, 63, 66–70, 81, 86]

 Musculoskeletal and sensory degradation

[3, 5–7, 13, 14, 17, 22, 23, 84, 40, 45, 53, 55, 61–64, 66, 69, 71, 78, 81]

 Functional dependence on mobility

[7, 9, 12, 19–21, 23–26, 35, 39, 40, 50, 53, 55, 56, 62, 67, 71, 77, 78]

 Cognitive impairment

[6, 7, 9, 13, 17, 19–23, 84, 45, 55, 59, 63, 64, 69, 70, 75, 77, 81]

 Age

[5, 10, 12, 84, 34, 36, 40, 49, 55, 56, 63, 66, 70, 71, 78, 86]

 Sex (higher incidence in females)

[3, 5, 13, 84, 35, 40, 43, 48, 49, 56, 63, 67, 70, 78, 80, 86]

 Decreased bone density

[5, 14, 24, 25, 84, 34, 40, 43, 49, 56, 62, 63, 71]

 Lack of vision

[7, 13, 17, 22, 40, 48, 53, 55, 56, 63, 77, 86, 87]

 Chronic disease

[9, 13, 22, 84, 33, 40, 48, 55, 63, 69, 70, 86]

 Depression

[2, 13, 17, 26, 33, 55, 63, 67, 70, 77, 81]

 Dizziness/vertigo

[7, 13, 17, 22, 40, 48, 53, 55, 56, 63, 77, 86, 87]

 Decrease in body mass index

[5, 7, 10, 25, 29, 40, 49, 55, 71]

 Pains

[3, 6, 35, 56]

 Changes in soft tissues

[14, 40, 57, 64]

 Urinary incontinence

[33, 56, 61]

 Postural hypotension

[17, 56, 61]

 Weight (body mass that falls)

[25, 40, 63]

 Hearing problems

[13, 55, 63]

 Unsafe home environments

[5, 7, 15, 17, 22, 25, 84, 33, 48, 55, 63, 65, 66, 71, 86]

 Unsafe outdoors

[5, 7, 15, 17, 19, 22, 25, 84, 33, 48, 55, 66, 71, 86]

 Height of fall

[14, 25]

 Collision with objects

[23, 55]

 Mobility aids

[40, 63]

 Falls hospital beds

[27]

 Level of education and income

[84, 78]

 Access to social services and health

[84, 78]

 Lack of social interaction

[84]