Table 3 Identification of references of physical consequences of falls and its physiological effects
From: Physical consequences of falls in the elderly: a literature review from 1995 to 2010
| N (%)a | References | |
|---|---|---|
| Fractures | ||
| Hip fracture | 37.9 | [1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 14, 16, 21, 24, 25, 30, 84, 33, 36, 40, 42, 47, 49, 53, 55, 57–59, 62, 64, 70–72, 80, 81, 86, 87] |
| Undifferentiated bone fractures | 27.5 | [5, 13, 14, 21, 25, 33, 35, 37, 40, 43, 47, 58, 61, 63, 64, 70, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80–82, 86] |
| Trochanteric femoral fractures | 5.7 | [33, 40, 57, 58, 74] |
| Fractures in the trunk | 4.5 | [14, 33, 40, 47] |
| Neck fractures | 4.5 | [14, 47, 57, 58] |
| Fractures of the upper limbs | 3.4 | [14, 40, 47] |
| Fracture of the humerus | 2.2 | [33, 40] |
| Fractures in the chest | 1.1 | [82] |
| Broken knee | 1.1 | [40] |
| Bruises | ||
| Head bruises | 10.3 | [13, 14, 35, 53, 58, 62, 70, 77, 86] |
| Bruises and abrasions | 3.4 | [35, 47, 75] |
| Bruises with blood loss | 1.1 | [70] |
| Injuries | ||
| Soft tissue injuries | 6.8 | [14, 33, 35, 43, 62, 86] |
| Injuries in the upper extremities | 5.7 | [14, 40, 62, 64, 75] |
| Traumatic brain injury | 4.5 | [14, 84, 70, 75] |
| Injuries in wrists | 4.5 | [14, 33, 40, 47] |
| Injuries in the lower extremities | 3.4 | [33, 62, 75] |
| Injuries in the elbow | 2.2 | [14, 40] |
| Physiological effects | ||
| Death or morbidity | 21.8 | [5, 9, 22, 25, 84, 33, 35, 47, 49, 51, 55, 60, 62–64, 66, 67, 71] |
| Functional decline | 20.6 | [5, 13, 23, 25, 35, 40, 41, 49, 52, 53, 55, 64, 67, 70, 71, 76, 78, 81] |
| Inactivity | 14.9 | [3, 6, 13, 35, 41, 47, 52, 53, 63, 67, 70, 77, 81] |
| Functional dependency and loss of autonomy | 13.7 | [84, 33, 35, 41, 49, 52, 71, 76–78, 81, 86] |
| Depression | 10.3 | [13, 84, 35, 53, 55, 63, 67, 70, 81] |
| Loss of self-confidence | 5.7 | [25, 33, 35, 67, 76] |
| Loss of self-efficacy | 2.2 | [41, 67] |
| Others | ||
| Lacerations | 8.0 | [35, 47, 58, 62, 70, 75, 86] |
| Dislocations | 5.7 | [14, 41, 70, 77, 81] |
| Sprains | 3.4 | [14, 35, 70] |
| Pains | 2.2 | [35, 70] |
| Hematoma | 1.1 | [33] |