Physical consequences of falls in the elderly: a literature review from 1995 to 2010

Table 4 Identification of references and percentage of incidence, for physical, environmental and behavioural interventions for prevention, minimization and rehabilitation of falls in the elderly

	Pr	Mi	Re	N (%)	References
Physical interventions
Adjustment of medication	x		x	18.3	[8, 13, 17, 19, 25, 84, 33, 35, 39, 53, 55, 61, 63, 72, 81, 86]
Protective coating systems can reduce hip fracture risk in the event of a fall.		x		17.2	[5, 7, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 25, 30, 35, 40, 42, 59, 62, 63]
Use of nutrition programmes (calcium and vitamin D)	x	x	x	11.4	[4, 5, 17, 19, 25, 33, 35, 51, 53, 63]
Mobility aids	x	x	x	5.7	[5, 17, 19, 24, 62]
Increase and maintain bone mass and strength through exercise	x	x		4.5	[23, 25, 61, 81]
Vision interventions (cataract surgery)	x			4.5	[17, 19, 35, 73]
Use of appropriate footwear	x		x	4.5	[5, 17, 35, 48]
Environmental interventions
Changes in the home and public environment to reduce the risk of falling	x			11.4	[1, 5, 17, 19, 28, 84, 35, 65, 71, 73]
Removal of obstacles in the household	x			4.5	[28, 33, 55, 62]
Behavioural interventions
Increased physical activity and exercise	x	x	x	21.8	[2, 5, 6, 13, 14, 17, 19, 23, 25, 84, 33, 35, 51, 53, 55, 63, 66, 71, 73]
Methods based on the rehabilitation gait training			x	14.9	[5, 17, 28, 33, 35, 44, 45, 53, 55, 62, 71, 79, 81]
Evaluation and management of risk factors for multiple falls	x			10.3	[33, 39, 51, 56, 58, 60, 71, 74, 76]
Evaluation of the people who have fallen or at risk of falling, to identify modifiable risk factors	x		x	5.7	[35, 39, 53, 60, 76]
Strategies to modify risk behaviours of the patient falling	x			5.7	[17, 28, 39, 60, 76]
Mechanisms that characterise the cognitive changes associated with ageing.	x			4.5	[39, 45, 63, 86]

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