Table 3 Characteristics of the water-based exercise intervention carried out in the 12 studies reviewed
From: Effectiveness of water-based exercise in people living with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review
Study | Intervention focus | Main water session content | Duration | Intensity | Progression | Type of pool | Water temperature | Supervisor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reuter et al. [29] | Motor disability, mood and well-being | Exercises for muscle strength, motor control, balance, swimming | One 60-min session per week for 14 weeks | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Pellecchia et al. [25] | Motor dexterity | Exercises for the coordination of all limbs and trunk control | One 60-min session per week for 20 weeks | NR | NR | NR | 28–32 °C | NR |
Pospíšil et al. [27] | Aerobic capacity | Balance exercises. Gross and fine motor tasks | One 60-min session per week for 12 weeks | Borg’s rate of perceived exertion (11–14) | NR | Chest deep | 32.5 °C | NR |
Crizzle and Newhouse [6] | Balance and strength | Walking, balance and upper body exercises (Water Art Fitness International Manual) | Three 30/45-min sessions per week for 6 weeks | NR | More challenging and complicated movements. Aqua steps | Shallow | 31–33 °C | NR |
Therrien et al. [34] | Balance and postural control | Free standing, standing with support, moving, and suspended exercises | 8 weeks | Borg’s Rate of Perceived Exertion (<6) | NR | Chest-deep | 30–31 °C | NR |
Sage et al. [31] | Mobility, strength and aerobic capacity | Stretching, balance, strengthening and aerobic exercises | Three 60-min sessions per week for 10/12 weeks. | NR | NR | Chest-deep | NR | NR |
Ayán and Cancela [2] | Balance, strength and coordination | Callisthenic movements, dynamic progressive exercises and games | Two 60-min sessions per week for 12 weeks | Sets, repetitions and resting time between exercises | NR | Shallow | 28 °C | A specialist in physical exercise and a physiotherapist |
Ayán and Cancela [1] | Aerobic capacity | Balance, coordination and dynamic exercises. Group games | Two 60-min sessions per week for 12 weeks | Sets, repetitions and resting time between exercises | More challenging and complicated movements. | Shallow | 28 °C | A single specialist in physical exercise and rehabilitation |
Muscular resistance | Strength exercises with aquatic cuffs, and noodles, pull-buoy and swim-boards. | Increasing the number of sets and velocity of the movements | ||||||
Kargarfard et al. [20] | Aerobic capacity | Walking, range of motion, different floating positions | Three 60-min sessions per week for 8 weeks | 50–85 % maximal heart rate reserve | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Kawasaki [21] | Balance | Balance exercises, variations of Tai Chi movements, treadmill walking | Three 50-min sessions per week for 10 weeks | NR | NR | Therapeutic | 34 °C | NR |
Vivas et al. [38] | Postural stability and body control | Trunk mobility, postural stability, changing body positions and transferring oneself exercises (Halliwick method) | Two 45-min sessions per week for 4 weeks | NR | More challenging and complicated movements | NR | NR | A single physiotherapist |
Jung et al. [18] | Balance | NR | Three 50-min sessions per week for 9 weeks | NR | NR | Therapeutic | 34 °C | NR |