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Table 1 Summary of studies that analyze the effects of cycle ergometer training on cardiovascular function

From: Health benefits of cycle ergometer training for older adults over 70: a review

 

Outcomes

Cardiovascular function

Author, year

Mean age (years)

Protocol type

Cardio-respiratory fitness

Blood pressure values

Endurance parameters

Lovell et al. (2010) [27]

75.2 ± 0.8

CET

50–70 % of VO2max

30–45 min/session

3 sessions/week, 16 weeks

Training group:

↑ in VO2max (from 22.6 ± 0.7 to 25.9 ± 0.9 ml/min/kg).

↔ in Control group.

  

Vogel et al. (2011) [28]

70.8 ± 5.2

CET

5-min stages consisting of 4 min at VT1 and 1 min at 90 % of MTP

30 min/session

2 sessions/week, 9 weeks

↑ in the VO2max (from 16.9 ± 3.6 to 19.7 ± 3.6 ml/min/kg) and (from 21.4 ± 5.8 to 23.3 ± 6.4 ml/min/kg), in older women and men, respectively.

 

↑ in the VT1 (from 50.1 ± 11.5 to 64.1 ± 14.4 W) and (from 79.3 ± 25.1 to 96.1 ± 29.2 W) in older men and women respectively.

↓ in HR at pre-training VT1 (from 112 ± 18 to 105 ± 17 bpm) and (from 109 ± 19 to 103 ± 19 bpm) in older men and women respectively.

↓ in the lactate concentrations at pre-training MTP (from 4.5 ± 1.7 to 3.5 ± 1.0 mmol) and (from 5.5 ± 1.9 to 4.4 ± 19 mmol) in older men and women respectively.

Lovell et al. (2012) [29]

75.2 ± 3.0

CET

50 to 70 % VO2max

30 to 45 min/session

week/week, 16 weeks

Training group:

↑ in VO2max (1.9 ± 0.1 to 2.2 ± 0.1 L/min).

↔ in Control group.

  

Buchner et al. (2009) [30]

75

CET

75 % of HRR

30 to 35 min/session

week/week, 24 to 26 weeks

Training group:

↑ in the VO2max (from 16.6 ± 4.9 to 18.1 ± 2.5 ml/min/kg).

↔ in control group.

  

Babcock et al. (1994) [31]

72 ± 4.4

CET

20 to 50 % of VT2

40 min/session

week/week, 24 weeks

Training group:

↑ in VO2max (from 1.8 ± 0.2 to 2.1 ± 0.1 L/min).

↔ in control group.

 

↑ in VO2 at VT1 (from 1.2 ± 0.1 to 1.5 ± 0.2 L/min).

↔ in HR at VT1.

↔ in control group:

Malbut et al. (2002) [32]

81 ± 2.28

CET

13–15 of RPE

13 to 20 min/session

3 to 6 sessions/week, 24 weeks

↑ in the VO2max of the women’s group (from 14.5 ± 2.5 to 16.2 ± 3.1 ml/kg/min). ↔ in the men’s group.

 

↓ in HR at VO210 in the women’s group (from 108 ± 21 to 92 ± 15 bpm).

↓ in HR at VO210 in the men’s group (from 97 ± 11 to 89 ± 10 bpm).

Coker et al. (2006) [33]

74 ± 1

CET

50 or 75 % of VO2max

40 min/session

4 to 5 sessions/week, 12 weeks

↑ in the VO2max for both the HI and MI groups (from 1.4 ± 0.3 to 1.6 ± 0.1 L/min).

  

Coker et al. (2009) [34]

71 ± 1

CET

50 or 75 % of VO2max

40 min/session

4 to 5 sessions/week, 12 weeks

↑ in the VO2max for both the HI and MI groups (from 1.4 ± 0.3 to 1.6 ± 0.1 L/min).

  

Mangione et al. (1999) [35]

71 ± 6.9

CET

40 or 70 % HRR

25 min/session

week/week, 10 week

↔ in the VO2max in both high and low intensity groups.

  

Harber et al. (2009) [40]

71.1

CET

60 % of Pmax

20 to 40 min/session

week/week, 12 weeks

↑ in the VO2max (from 1623 ± 423 to 1856 ± 480 ml/min).

  

Perini et al. (2002) [41]

73.9 ± 3.5

CET

40 to 100 % of Pmax

60 min/session

week/week, 8 weeks

↑ in the VO2max (from 19.3 ± 5.2 to 22.7 ± 4.9 ml/min/kg).

↓ in resting SBP (from 167 to 140 mmHg for men and from 148 to 130 mmHg for women).

↓ in resting DBP (from 88 to 78 mmHg for men and from 80 to 72 mmHg for women).

↔ in SBP and DBP on recovery time.

 

Haber et al. (1984) [42]

71.1

CET

60 % of Pmax

20 to 40 min/session

week/week, 12 weeks

↑ in the VO2max (from 1623 ± 423 to 1856 ± 480 ml/min).

 

↑ in the maximum work load (from 111 ± 36 to 129 ± 29 W).

Temfemo et al. (2011) [43]

73 ± 5

CET

HRtarget corresponding to the VT1

45 min/session

week/week, 8 weeks

↑ in the VO2max (from 13.2 ± 1.7 to 15.3 ± 2.1 ml/min/kg).

 

↑ in the VT1 (from 9.2 ± 1.8 to 10.8 ± 2.2 ml/min/kg).

Charifi et al. (2003) [44]

73 ± 3

CET

9*4 min 65 to 75 % VO2max

9*1 min 85 to 95 % VO2max

45 min/session

4 sessions/week, 14 weeks

? in the VO2max (from 28.8 ± 5.9 to 32.7 ± 5.4 ml/min/kg).

  

Charifi et al. (2004) [45]

73 ± 3

CET

9*4 min 65 to 75 % VO2max

9*1 min 85 to 95 % VO2max

45 min/session

4 sessions/week, 14 weeks

↑ in the VO2max (from 28.8 ± 5.9 to 32.7 ± 5.4 ml/min/kg).

  

Sial et al. (1998) [46]

74 ± 2

CET

70 to 85 % HRmax 30 to 45 min/session 3 to 5 sessions/week, 16 weeks

↑ in the VO2max (from 1.5 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.3 l/min).

  

Pichot et al. (2005) [47]

73.5 ± 4.2

CET

9*4 min 65 % HRmax 9*1 min 85 % HRmax 45 min/session 4 sessions/week, 14 weeks

↑ in the VO2max (from 26.8 ± 4.4 to 31.8 ± 5.1 ml/min/kg).

↔ in SBP and DBP.

 

Bell et al. (2001) [48]

77 ± 7

CET

75 to 85 % VO2max

40 min/session

4 sessions/week, 9 weeks

↑ in the VO2max (1.05 ± 0.17 l/min to 1.22 ± 0.22 l/min) in trained leg.

↔ in untrained leg.

  

Nickel et al. (2011) [36]

71 ± 7

CET

50 % of HRR

30 min/session

1 session/day, 1 day

 

↓ in the SBP, 15 min after exercise compared to the non-exercise day (121 ± 12 vs. 131 ± 16 mmHg; p < 0.05).

↓ in the DBP, 24 h after exercise compared to the non-exercise day (72 ± 8 vs. 69 ± 7 mmHg; p < 0.05).

 

Schocken et al. (1983) [49]

72

CET

70 to 85 % HRmax

25 to 30 min/session

week/week, 12 weeks

 

↔ in SBP and DBP after training program.

↑ in the maximum work load (from 690 ± 151 to 758 ± 141 Kpm/min).

Finucane et al. (2010) [37]

71.4

CET

50 to 70 % Pmax

60 min/session

week/week, 12 weeks

 

↔ in SBP and DBP in training and control group.

↑ in the maximum work load (from 143.9 ± 48.9 to 167.7 ± 49.7 W).

↔ in control group.

Morris et al. (2003) [38]

70.4 ± 1.2

CET

50 and 70 % of VO2max

60 min/session

1 sessions/week, 8 weeks

  

↓ in HR and oxygen uptake after IEx compared to CEx at the same relative intensity (p < 0.01).

  1. CET cycle ergometer training, VO 2max maximum volume of oxygen, VT 1 first ventilatory threshold, MTP maximal tolerated power, HR heart rate, HRR heart rate reserve, VT 2 second ventilatory threshold, RPE rate of perceived effort,, VO 2 10 oxygen consumption of 10 ml/kg/min, P max maximal workload, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP systolic blood pressure, IEx intermittent exercise, CEx continuous exercise, ↑ significant improvement within group, ↓ significant decrease within group, ↔ no change within group