Table 2 Group comparison between baseline and post-assessment (Mean ± Standard Deviation, SD)

Primary outcome measures

 Physiological Profile Assessment (score)

0.62 ± 0.89

0.41 ± 0.95

0.55 ± 0.90

0.39 ± 0.80

0.035

 European Quality of Life – 5 Dimensions (index)

0.86 ± 0.11

0.86 ± 0.15

0.86 ± 0.13

0.87 ± 0.13

0.741

 European Quality of Life – 5 Dimensions (VAS)

79.2 ± 14.7

80.9 ± 13.7

81.7 ± 12.7

79.9 ± 14.6

0.244

Secondary outcome measures

  WHODAS (score)^b

16.0 ± 4.5

16.3 ± 4.8

15.6 ± 4.1

16.0 ± 4.5

0.494

  Melbourne edge test (score)

20.8 ± 1.6

21.0 ± 2.1

21.1 ± 1.8

21.2 ± 2.1

0.278

  Proprioception (°)^b

1.3 ± 1.0

1.2 ± 1.1

1.7 ± 1.3

1.3 ± 0.9

0.758

  Knee extension strength (kg)

23.0 ± 9.2

28.0 ± 11.9

22.7 ± 9.9

27.1 ± 14.0

0.545

  Hand grip strength (kg)

24.9 ± 9.4

23.8 ± 8.6

23.9 ± 9.0

24.0 ± 8.7

0.979

  Hand reaction time (ms)

245 ± 43

249 ± 47

239 ± 50

263 ± 45

0.002

  Sway, area (mm²)^b

841 ± 692

774 ± 1191

797 ± 596

629 ± 973

0.940

  Coordinated stability, errors^b

11.3 ± 10.3

8.5 ± 9.0

12.2 ± 13.6

8.0 ± 9.0

0.909

  Maximum balance range, anterior-posterior (mm)

139 ± 41

145 ± 35

137 ± 48

152 ± 39

0.713

  Timed up and go test (s)

9.7 ± 2.8

9.5 ± 2.7

10.2 ± 3.1

9.2 ± 2.1

0.504

  Short Physical Performance Battery (score)

10.4 ± 1.7

11.1 ± 1.5

10.2 ± 1.6

10.9 ± 1.4

0.548

  Sensor-based chair stand test (s)^b

12.5 ± 4.2

10.8 ± 3.2

13.1 ± 3.7

12.1 ± 3.3

0.347

  Sensor-based semi tandem stance (s)

28.3 ± 6.0

28.9 ± 5.2

29.5 ± 3.0

29.2 ± 4.5

0.412

  Sensor-based near tandem stance (s)

28.1 ± 6.3

28.5 ± 5.7

28.3 ± 5.4

29.1 ± 4.5

0.876

  Sensor-based full tandem stance (s)

24.4 ± 9.9

24.4 ± 9.5

23.3 ± 10.2

25.0 ± 9.2

0.727

  Sensor-based hand reaction time (ms)^b

698 ± 142

619 ± 131

705 ± 391

649 ± 162

0.259

  Sensor-based stepping reaction time (ms)^b

794 ± 199

732 ± 209

801 ± 142

743 ± 121

0.055

  10 m walking time, single-tasking (s)^b

8.9 ± 2.0

8.7 ± 1.8

8.9 ± 2.3

8.6 ± 1.8

0.323

  10 m walking time, dual-tasking (s)^b

12.0 ± 3.9

11.4 ± 3.8

12.0 ± 4.5

11.7 ± 4.0

0.040

  Trail Making Test, part A (s)^b

42.8 ± 17.5

40.4 ± 16.5

44.2 ± 18.1

39.5 ± 14.1

0.736

  Trail Making Test, part B (s)^b

114.5 ± 55.8

100.6 ± 51.1

116.2 ± 52.2

96.3 ± 47.9

0.474

  Digit symbol coding test, correct (n)

49.4 ± 15.6

51.4 ± 15.7

44.5 ± 13.0

48.6 ± 11.9

0.444

  Digit span backward test, score (n)

6.0 ± 2.3

6.1 ± 2.1

5.9 ± 2.3

5.7 ± 2.5

0.178

  Attention Network Test, reaction time (ms)^b

808 ± 134

789 ± 130

810 ± 116

745 ± 97

0.121

  Attention Network Test, alert (ms)

29.5 ± 34.3

37.3 ± 30.0

35.4 ± 33.8

39.1 ± 32.2

0.262

  Attention Network Test, orient (ms)

44.4 ± 38.2

44.0 ± 40.1

51.5 ± 42.1

59.0 ± 40.6

0.561

  Attention Network Test, conflict (ms)^b

134.3 ± 74.7

117.3 ± 53.3

127.1 ± 60.3

126.7 ± 63.5

0.329

  Victoria Stroop Test, intrusions (n)^b

3.0 ± 3.4

2.3 ± 3.4

3.2 ± 4.0

2.6 ± 4.3

0.802

  Victoria Stroop Test, efficacy (colour words/words)^b

1.69 ± 0.73

1.52 ± 0.67

1.63 ± 0.74

1.48 ± 0.60

0.412

  Iconographical – Falls Efficacy Scale (score)

16.2 ± 5.3

12.6 ± 8.5

15.4 ± 4.4

11.0 ± 7.5

0.593

  Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 (score)^b

3.06 ± 3.14

2.48 ± 2.92

2.99 ± 2.97

2.58 ± 2.38

0.340