|
Primary outcome measures
| | | | | |
|
Physiological Profile Assessment (score)
|
0.62 ± 0.89
|
0.41 ± 0.95
|
0.55 ± 0.90
|
0.39 ± 0.80
|
0.035
|
|
European Quality of Life – 5 Dimensions (index)
|
0.86 ± 0.11
|
0.86 ± 0.15
|
0.86 ± 0.13
|
0.87 ± 0.13
|
0.741
|
|
European Quality of Life – 5 Dimensions (VAS)
|
79.2 ± 14.7
|
80.9 ± 13.7
|
81.7 ± 12.7
|
79.9 ± 14.6
|
0.244
|
|
Secondary outcome measures
| | | | | |
|
General health measures
|
|
WHODAS (score)b
|
16.0 ± 4.5
|
16.3 ± 4.8
|
15.6 ± 4.1
|
16.0 ± 4.5
|
0.494
|
|
Physical and sensorimotor measures
|
|
Melbourne edge test (score)
|
20.8 ± 1.6
|
21.0 ± 2.1
|
21.1 ± 1.8
|
21.2 ± 2.1
|
0.278
|
|
Proprioception (°)b
|
1.3 ± 1.0
|
1.2 ± 1.1
|
1.7 ± 1.3
|
1.3 ± 0.9
|
0.758
|
|
Knee extension strength (kg)
|
23.0 ± 9.2
|
28.0 ± 11.9
|
22.7 ± 9.9
|
27.1 ± 14.0
|
0.545
|
|
Hand grip strength (kg)
|
24.9 ± 9.4
|
23.8 ± 8.6
|
23.9 ± 9.0
|
24.0 ± 8.7
|
0.979
|
|
Hand reaction time (ms)
|
245 ± 43
|
249 ± 47
|
239 ± 50
|
263 ± 45
|
0.002
|
|
Sway, area (mm2)b
|
841 ± 692
|
774 ± 1191
|
797 ± 596
|
629 ± 973
|
0.940
|
|
Coordinated stability, errorsb
|
11.3 ± 10.3
|
8.5 ± 9.0
|
12.2 ± 13.6
|
8.0 ± 9.0
|
0.909
|
|
Maximum balance range, anterior-posterior (mm)
|
139 ± 41
|
145 ± 35
|
137 ± 48
|
152 ± 39
|
0.713
|
|
Timed up and go test (s)
|
9.7 ± 2.8
|
9.5 ± 2.7
|
10.2 ± 3.1
|
9.2 ± 2.1
|
0.504
|
|
Short Physical Performance Battery (score)
|
10.4 ± 1.7
|
11.1 ± 1.5
|
10.2 ± 1.6
|
10.9 ± 1.4
|
0.548
|
|
Sensor-based chair stand test (s)b
|
12.5 ± 4.2
|
10.8 ± 3.2
|
13.1 ± 3.7
|
12.1 ± 3.3
|
0.347
|
|
Sensor-based semi tandem stance (s)
|
28.3 ± 6.0
|
28.9 ± 5.2
|
29.5 ± 3.0
|
29.2 ± 4.5
|
0.412
|
|
Sensor-based near tandem stance (s)
|
28.1 ± 6.3
|
28.5 ± 5.7
|
28.3 ± 5.4
|
29.1 ± 4.5
|
0.876
|
|
Sensor-based full tandem stance (s)
|
24.4 ± 9.9
|
24.4 ± 9.5
|
23.3 ± 10.2
|
25.0 ± 9.2
|
0.727
|
|
Sensor-based hand reaction time (ms)b
|
698 ± 142
|
619 ± 131
|
705 ± 391
|
649 ± 162
|
0.259
|
|
Sensor-based stepping reaction time (ms)b
|
794 ± 199
|
732 ± 209
|
801 ± 142
|
743 ± 121
|
0.055
|
|
10 m walking time, single-tasking (s)b
|
8.9 ± 2.0
|
8.7 ± 1.8
|
8.9 ± 2.3
|
8.6 ± 1.8
|
0.323
|
|
10 m walking time, dual-tasking (s)b
|
12.0 ± 3.9
|
11.4 ± 3.8
|
12.0 ± 4.5
|
11.7 ± 4.0
|
0.040
|
|
Cognitive measures
|
|
Trail Making Test, part A (s)b
|
42.8 ± 17.5
|
40.4 ± 16.5
|
44.2 ± 18.1
|
39.5 ± 14.1
|
0.736
|
|
Trail Making Test, part B (s)b
|
114.5 ± 55.8
|
100.6 ± 51.1
|
116.2 ± 52.2
|
96.3 ± 47.9
|
0.474
|
|
Digit symbol coding test, correct (n)
|
49.4 ± 15.6
|
51.4 ± 15.7
|
44.5 ± 13.0
|
48.6 ± 11.9
|
0.444
|
|
Digit span backward test, score (n)
|
6.0 ± 2.3
|
6.1 ± 2.1
|
5.9 ± 2.3
|
5.7 ± 2.5
|
0.178
|
|
Attention Network Test, reaction time (ms)b
|
808 ± 134
|
789 ± 130
|
810 ± 116
|
745 ± 97
|
0.121
|
|
Attention Network Test, alert (ms)
|
29.5 ± 34.3
|
37.3 ± 30.0
|
35.4 ± 33.8
|
39.1 ± 32.2
|
0.262
|
|
Attention Network Test, orient (ms)
|
44.4 ± 38.2
|
44.0 ± 40.1
|
51.5 ± 42.1
|
59.0 ± 40.6
|
0.561
|
|
Attention Network Test, conflict (ms)b
|
134.3 ± 74.7
|
117.3 ± 53.3
|
127.1 ± 60.3
|
126.7 ± 63.5
|
0.329
|
|
Victoria Stroop Test, intrusions (n)b
|
3.0 ± 3.4
|
2.3 ± 3.4
|
3.2 ± 4.0
|
2.6 ± 4.3
|
0.802
|
|
Victoria Stroop Test, efficacy (colour words/words)b
|
1.69 ± 0.73
|
1.52 ± 0.67
|
1.63 ± 0.74
|
1.48 ± 0.60
|
0.412
|
|
Psychological measures
|
|
Iconographical – Falls Efficacy Scale (score)
|
16.2 ± 5.3
|
12.6 ± 8.5
|
15.4 ± 4.4
|
11.0 ± 7.5
|
0.593
|
|
Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 (score)b
|
3.06 ± 3.14
|
2.48 ± 2.92
|
2.99 ± 2.97
|
2.58 ± 2.38
|
0.340
|
