Table 2 Group comparison of physical and cognitive outcomes at baseline (mean and standard deviation, SD)

PPA score

1.1 (0.8)

2.0 (0.9)

1.8 (1.1)

0.001 ^*,**

Contrast sensitivity score^b

21.6 (1.9)

20.8 (2.2)

21.0 (2.6)

0.412

Proprioception (degree)^a

1.8 (1.1)

2.9 (1.7)

2.6 (1.6)

0.007 ^*,**

Knee extension strength (kg)^b

20.8 (9.4)

24.2 (10.3)

21.9 (8.6)

0.318

Standing balance (mm)^a

261 (124)

377 (152)

379 (188)

0.003 ^*,**

Finger-press reaction time (ms)

240 (45)

259 (45)

247 (45)

0.225

Timed up & go (s)^a

11.5 (3.5)

11.5 (3.1)

12.4 (3.7)

0.317

Sit-to-stand transfer (s)^a

13.6 (4.8)

13.1 (3.8)

14.4 (4.9)

0.340

ANT alert (ms)^b

34 (32)

34 (35)

39 (33)

0.789

ANT orient (ms)^b

40 (43)

60 (43)

44 (45)

0.128

ANT conflict (ms)^a

118 (67)

154 (120)

137 (74)

0.533

Stroop CW_incongruency - time (s)

68.3 (32.3)

65.0 (28.4)

75.5 (38.0)

0.314

Stroop CW_incongruency - errors^a

4.5 (3.4)

6.1 (4.0)

6.2 (5.4)

0.270

Stroop efficiency (CW_incongruent/C)

2.0 (0.5)

2.2 (0.8)

2.4 (1.0)

0.147

Digit span backwards (length of sequence)^ab

6.8 (2.6)

5.1 (1.0)

5.3 (1.4)

0.001 ^*,**