Study | Participants (N, sex distribution); mean age (± SD) | Protocol exercise | Outcome measures | Within GE | Between GE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(yes/no) | (yes/no) | ||||
Vertical sinusoidal vibration | |||||
Amaral et al. [78] | WBV: 9 ♀; 76.6 (±11.8) | WBV: isometric squat | FS: CR over 30 s | No | No |
Con: 9 ♀; 78.6 (±10.4) | Con: daily activities routines | ||||
Álvarez- Barbosa et al. [62] | WBV: 15, 12 ♀; 84.0 (±3.0) | WBV: dynamic exercise lunge, squat, calf raises, left and right pivot in a front and lateral position, step up and down. | FS: CR over 30 s | Yes | Yes |
Con: 15, 11 ♀; 86.0 (±7.5) | Con: no change lifestyle | ||||
Bautmans et al. [34] | WBV: 10, 8 ♀; 76.6 (±11.8) | WBV: static position exercises (lunge squats, squats, deep squats, wide stance squats, calves, calves deep) druing WBV | DS: (N) | Yes | NO |
Power: (W), work (J) | |||||
Sham: 11, 6 ♀; 78.6 (±10.4) | RFD: (N/s) at 40 and 60 cm/s | ||||
Beck et al. [35] | WBV: 15 ♀; 68.5 (±8.6) | Pos: full extension | FS: wall squat with dominant leg and non dominant leg & CR over five repetitions (s) | Yes | No |
Con: 15 ♀; 74.2 (±8.1) | Con: no vibration | ||||
Bogaerts et al. [37] | WBV: 25 ♂; 66.9 (±0.7) | WBV: squat, deep squat, wide stance squat, toesstand, toes-stand deep, one-legged squat, and lunge. | IMVC: knee extension (Nm) | Yes | Yes |
Ex: 25 ♂; 67.4 (±0.9) | |||||
Con: 32 ♂; 68.6 (±1.0) | Ex: cardio exercise, strength and balance training, flexibility exercise | RFD: CMJ (cm) on a contact mat. | |||
Con: no change lifestyle | |||||
Bogaerts et al. [38] | WBV: 70; 66.8 | WBV: exercises for upper and lower body | IMVC: knee extension (Nm) | Yes | No |
Ex: 49: 66.8 | Ex: cardio exercise, strength and balance training, flexibility exercise | ||||
Con: 61; 67.8 (ratio ♂:♀ = 1.5:1 for the total sample) | Con: no change life style | ||||
Boegarts [36] | WBV 1: 26 ♀; 80.3 (±5.3) | WBV: squat, deep squat, wide stance squat, toes stand and one legged squat | Physiological Profile Assessment [76]: | Yes | No |
WBV 2: 28 ♀; 79.8 (±5.3) | Con 1 & 2: no change life style | IMVC: knee extension (kg) | |||
Con 1: 29 ♀; 78.7 (±5.6) | |||||
Con 2: 28 ♀; 79.6 (±5.2) | |||||
Corrie et al. [65] | WBV: 21, 13 ♀; 81.9 (±5.7) | WBV: standing position, with bent knees and Otago Exercise programm | Power: (W/kg body weight) leg press | Yes (power & CR) | Yes (power) |
Sham: 20, 16 ♀; 79.1 (±7.8) | Sham: Otago Exercise program which consisted of 6 weekly visits | RFD: CMJ (N/kg body weight | |||
FS: CR over five repetitions | |||||
Gomez-Cabello [42] | WBV: 24 | WBV: squat position | Senior Fitness Test battery and Eurofit Testing Battery [77]: | Yes | No |
Con: 25 (20 ♂, 29 ♀) | Con: no change life style | FS: CR over 30 s (repetition) | |||
Kemmler et al. [44] | WBV: 50 ♀; 68.8 (±3.6) | WBV: static and dynamic exercise (toe stand, squat) | IMVC: leg press (N) | Yes | Yes |
Ex: 50 ♀; 68.6 (±3.0) | Ex: static and dynamic exercise (toe stand, squat) without vibration | Power: leg press (W/kg) | |||
Con: 51 ♀; 68.1 (±2.7) | Con: exercise and relaxation program once a week (30× 60 min) | RFD: leg press (N/ms) & Squat jump (jump height, cm) | |||
Kennis et al. [45] | WBV: 23 ♂ | WBV: static and dynamic squat, deep squat, wide stance squat, 1-legged squat, lunge, toes-stand, toes-stand deep, moving heels. | IMVC: at 120° knee extension (Nm) | Yes | No |
Ex: 20 ♂ | |||||
Con: 29 ♂ | Ex: 60–90 min aerobic, resistance, balance, and flexibility exercises | DS: concentric dynamic knee extension (Nm) at a movement velocity at 120°/s. | |||
Con: no change life style | RFD: counter movement jump (high, cm) | ||||
Klarner et al. [46] | WBV: 36 ♀; 68.1 (±4.0) | WBV: dynamic exercises | IMVC: with leg press (N) | Yes | Yes |
Con: 36 ♀; 67.6 (±4.13) | Con: 1/w low gymnastic exercise & relaxation exercise | RFD: with Counter movement jump (CMJ, jump height, cm) | |||
Lachance [47] | WBV: 26; 70.4 (±7.7) | WBV: static squats (60°), lunges (60°) and heel raises. | FS: CR over 30 s | Yes | No |
Ex: 29; 75.9 (±7.2) | Ex: static squats (60°), lunges (60°) heel raises, bicep curls, tricep extensions, | ||||
(33 ♂, 22 ♀) | Exercises were progressive in nature by safely increasing the number of repetitions completed and/or weight of the dumbbells. | ||||
Leung et al. [66] | WBV: 280 ♀; 74.2 (±7.0) | WBV: standing upright without knee banding | IMVC: knee extensor (kg) | Yes | Yes |
Con: 316 ♀; 71.0 (±7.0) | Non: no change life style | ||||
Machado et al. [48] | WBV: 13 ♀; 79.3 (±7.3) | WBV: static and dynamic exercise (half-squat (120–130°), deep squat (knee angle 90°), a wide-stance squat and calves. | IMVC: leg extensor (N) | Yes | Yes |
Con: 13 ♀; 76.2 (±8.4) | Con: no change life style | Power: output at three relatives loads: 20, 40, 60 % of the IMVC. | |||
Mikhael et al. [49] | WBV1: 6, 4 ♀; 63.3 (±7.6) | WBV: WBV1 with flexed knees at 20° and WBV 2 with extended knees. | DS: one repetition maximum (1RM) leg press (N), relative strength (kg/kg), leg press strength (kg) | Yes | Yes |
WBV2: 5, 3 ♀; 69.0 (±7.6) | Sham: flexed knees at 20° without vibration | Power: (W) and velocity (cm/s) were measured at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 % of current 1RM. | |||
Sham: 8, 4 ♀; 62.3 (±8.8) | FS : CR over 30 s | ||||
Roelants et al. [53] | WBV: 30 ♀; 64.6 (±0.7) | WBV: high squat (120° and 130°, deep squat (90°), wide-stance squat and lunge. | IMVC: (0°/s) torque (Nm) of knee extensor | Yes | No |
Ex: 30 ♀; 63.9 (±0.8) | Ex: resistance exercise | DS: dynamic extension-flexion movements (torque: N/m) between 90 and 160° at a velocity of 50, 100 and 150°/s. | |||
Con: 29 ♀; 64.2 (±0.6) | Con: no change life style | RFD: jump height (mm) on a contact mat | |||
Sitjà-Rabert et al. [64] | WBV: 59; 64.6 (±0.7) | WBV: static/dynamic exercises. | FS: CR over five repetitions | Yes | No |
Ex: 58; 63.9 (±0.8) | Ex: static and dynamic exercise | ||||
(Total sample 67 % ♀) | |||||
Verschueren et al. [58] | WBV: 25 ♀; 64.6 (±3.3) | WBV: static and dynamic knee-extensor exercises like squat, deep squat, wide-stance squat, one-legged squat and lunge. | IMVC: knee-extension | Yes | Yes |
Ex: 22 ♀; 63.9 (±3.8) | Ex: warm-up, resistance training knee-extensor on a leg extension and a leg press machine. Designed to the guideline of the American College of Sports Medicine | DS: isokinetic extension-flexion movements for maximal DS (peak torque N/m) at a velocity of 100°/s between of 90 and 160° joint angle. | |||
Con: 24 ♀; 64.2 (±3.1) | Con: no change life style | ||||
Verschueren et al. [57] | WBV: 28 ♀; 79.8 (±5.3) | WBV: static and dynamic knee-extensor exercises like squat, deep squat, wide-stance squat, one-legged squat and toe-stance. | IMVC: Knee-extension (Nm) | Yes | No |
Con: 28 ♀; 79.6 (±5.2) | Con: no change in life style | DS: Knee-extension (Nm). | |||
Sidealternating sinusoidal vibration | |||||
Beck et al. [35] | WBV: 17 ♀; 68.9 (±70) | Pos: static with slightly bended knees | FS: wall squat dominant leg (DL) and non dominant leg (NDL) & CR over five repetitions (s) | Yes = | No |
Con: 15 ♀; 74.2 (±8.1) | Con: no vibration | ||||
Calder et al. [39] | N: 41, 30 ♀; 80.1 | WBV: stand with slightly bended knees (35° flexion) & Physiotherapy | FS: CR | Yes | No |
Con: Physiotherapy | |||||
Corrie et al. [65] | WBV: 21, 16 ♀; 81.9 (±5.7) | WBV: standing position, with bent knees and Otago Exercise | Power: (W/kg body weight) leg press | No | No |
Sham: 20, 8 ♀; 79.1 (±7.8) | Sham: Otago Exercise program which consisted of 6 weekly visits | RFD: CMJ (N/kg body weight | |||
FS: CR over five repetitions | |||||
Furness and Maschette [40] | WBV1: 18 (1/week) | WBV: static with 70 knee flexion | FS: CR | Yes (for WBV2 and WBV3) | No |
WBV2: 18 (2/week) | Con: no vibration | ||||
WBV3: 19 (3/week) | |||||
Age: 72 (±8) | |||||
Con: 18 (0/wk) | |||||
(Total sample 38 ♂, 35 ♀) | |||||
Furness et al. [41] | WBV: 19 | WBV: static with 70° Kneeflexion | FS: CR | Yes | No |
Con: 18 | Con: no exercise | ||||
(Total sample 16 ♂, 21 ♀) | |||||
Iwamoto et al. [43] | WBV: 26 ♀; 72.4 (±8.1) | WBV: stands with bended knee and hips | FS: CR over 5 times | Yes | No |
Con: 26 ♀; 76.0 (±7.4) | Con. No exercise | ||||
Klarner et al. [40] | WBV: 36 ♀; 67.9 (±3.78) | WBV: dynamic exercises | IMVC: Hip & Knee extension (N) | Yes | Yes |
Con: 36 ♀; 67.6 (±4.13) | Con: 1/w low gymnastic exercise & relaxation exercise | RFD: CMJ (jump height, cm) | |||
Ochi et al. [67] | WBV: 10 ♀; 80.9 (±2.8) | WBV: dynamic exercises | IMVC: Quadiceps muscle dominant leg | Yes | No |
Ex: 10 ♀; 80.2 (±3.3) | Con: dynamic exercise: half squat, heel rise, toe up. | ||||
Raimundo et al. [50] | WBV: 14 ♀; 66 (±6) | WBV: static with knee angle 120° | DS: dynamic maximal unilateral strength at 60 and 300 °/s for concentric and eccentric at 60 °/s (Peak torque (Nm/kg). | Yes | Yes |
Ex: 13 ♀; 66 (±4) | Ex: walk-based-programme | Power (W). | |||
Walking over 60 m with two sets with 70–75 % of their maximal heart rate. | RFD: mixed counter movement jump on | ||||
Ergo Jump Platform (Bosco System, Italy) | |||||
FS: CR over three repetitions. | |||||
Rees et al. [51] | WBV: 15; 74.3 (±5.0) | WBV: static squats over 4 weeks, than dynamic squats and calf raises over 4 weeks. | DS: angular velocity 60°/s for knee and hip and the angle joint was tested at 30 °/s. | Yes | Yes |
Ex: 13; 73.1 (±4.1) | Ex: static squats over 4 weeks, than dynamic squats and calf raises over 4 weeks, without vibration. | FS: CR over five repetition | |||
Con: 15; 73.1 (±4.6) | |||||
(Total sample 23 ♂, 20 ♀) | |||||
Rees et al. [52] | WBV: 15; 74.3 (±5.0) | Con: only walking WBV: static and dynamic exercise (squats, calf raises) | DS: as torque (Nm/kg) | Yes | No |
Ex: 13; 73.1 (±4.1) | Ex: same exercise without vibration | maximum isokinetic power (W/kg) angular velocity for the hip and knee was 60°/s, with the ankle joint tested at 30°/s. | |||
(No sex distribution information) | |||||
Russo et al. [55] | WBV: 17 ♀ | WBV: static, knees slightly flexed | DS: strength (N), acceleration of the centre of gravity (COG) was calculated as the ratio of force (N) and body mass (kg). | Yes | No |
Age: 60.7 (±6.1) | Con: no change in life style | RFD: starting from a standstill, jumped as high as possible and landed (W). | |||
Con: 16 ♀ | |||||
Age: 61.4 (±7.3) | |||||
Sievänen et al. [61] | WBV: 8, 7 ♀ | WBV: dynamic exercise such as slight squatting, toe raises, lateral weigth transfer. | FS: SPPB | Yes | NO |
Age: 84.4 (±6.3) | Ex: light squatting, toe raises or weight transfer forward and lateral weight transfer on WBV. | ||||
Sham: 7, 5 ♀ | |||||
Age: 83.6 (±8.9) | |||||
Stolzenberg et al. [56] | WBV: 30 ♀; 67.5 (±3.8) | WBV: static standing with slightly bent knees and hips, continuous squatting from erect standing to 90° knee flexion or static stance in 90° knee flexion | Power: CMJ (W/kg) | Yes | No |
Con: 30 ♀; 65.5 (±4.3) | Con: balance exercise like Romberg, tandem and single-leg stance. | RFD: CMJ jump height (cm) | |||
FS: 1-leg hopping and CR over five repetitions | |||||
von Stengel et al. [59] | WBV: 50♀; 68.8 (±3.6) | WBV: heel rise, one-legged deep squat, and leg abduction | MVC: leg press (N) | Yes | Yes |
Ex: 50 ♀; 68.6 (±3.0) | Ex: heel rise, one-legged deep squat, and leg abduction without vibration | RFD: CMJ (W/Kg) | |||
Con: 51 ♀; 68.1 (±2.7) | Con: exercise and relaxation program once a week in blocks of 10 weeks with breaks | ||||
Zhang et al. [60] | WBV: 19, 2 ♀; 85.8 (±3.6) | WBV: different to their function. Who could stand: partial squat position with slight hip, knee and ankle joint flexion. Who could not stand independently, same position, but were allowed to hold the support bar with their hands. | IMVC: M. quadriceps | Yes | Yes |
Con: 18, 3 ♀; 84.7 (±3.7) | Ex: usual care, physical therapy (ultrasound therapy, electrical stimulation, etc.) and routine exercises, such as pedalling training with regular dosage and time of treatments. | FS: CR over 30 s | |||
Stochastic resonance vibration | |||||
Kessler et al. [23] | WBV: 10, 8 ♀; 77 (±7.7) | static (e.g. normal stance, semi-tandem, one leg stance) and dynamic standing (e.g. squat) | IMVC: knee-extension (N) | Yes | Yes |
Sham:10, 8 ♀; 81 (±5.7) | RFD: knee-extension (N/s) | ||||
FS: SPPB | |||||
Rogan et al. [54] | WBV: 10; 77 (±7.7) | static standing with slightly bent knees and hips | FS: CR (1 time) | Yes | No |
Sham:10; 81 (±5.7) | |||||
(No sex distribution information) | |||||
Rogan et al. [20] | WBV: 5; 77 (±7.7) | static standing with slightly bent knees and hips | IMVC: knee-extension (N) | Yes | No |
Sham: 4; 81 (±5.7) | RFD: knee-extensor (N/s) | ||||
(Total sample 4 ♂, 5 ♀) | FS: SPPB |