Table 2 Selection of motor assessments^a discussed in the expert panel

 One-leg balance test [36]

Balance [68]

Standing on one leg while participants’ ability to maintain this stance for 5 s is recorded.

 Single leg stance

Lower leg strength and balance [69]

Standing on a single leg alternately for 60 s with both eyes open and closed while time is recorded.

 Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Technique - subtest 4 [37]

Balance, static balance [33, 34]

Performing four different stances for 10 s while participants’ ability to maintain these stance is evaluated: (1) feet together, (2) semi-tandem, (3) tandem, (4) single-leg.

 Posturography platforms assessing postural sway

Balance [70]

Standing quietly on a posturography platform for 60 s with eyes open while elliptical area covered by moving centre of gravity is recorded.

 Functional Reach Test [38]

Balance and stability [71]

Standing next to a wall, holding one arm parallel to a metre stick attached to the wall at shoulder height, and reaching forward as far as possible without losing balance or changing foot position, while distance from starting to end position is recorded.

 Figure of Eight Test [39]

Balance, dynamic balance [33, 34]

Walking a lap of a standard figure-eight trajectory as quickly and accurately as possible while walking speed and number of oversteps are recorded.

 Groningen Meander Walking Test [27]

Balance, dynamic walking ability [34]

Walking over a meandering curved line as quickly and accurately as possible while time and number of oversteps are recorded. Use of a walking aid is allowed.

 Berg Balance Scale [40]

Functional balance, balance impairment [69, 72, 73]

14-item functional balance assessment with simple everyday tasks (reaching, bending, transferring, standing and rising) which are graded on a five-point ordinal scale (0 to 4).

 Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment [41]

Gait and balance [74, 75]

Scale with two parts, assessing balance (sitting balance, rising from a chair and sitting down, standing balance with eyes open then closed, and turning balance) and gait (gait initiation, step length and height, symmetry, continuity, path direction, and trunk sway).

 Get-Up and Go Test [44]

Not specified [68]

Standing up from a chair, walking 3 m, turning around, walking back to the chair, and sitting down, while performance is evaluated from 1 to 5 (1 = no instability to 5 = very abnormal). Use of a walking aid is allowed.

 Timed Up & Go Test [47]

Mobility, functional mobility, balance, dynamic balance, locomotion, muscle-nerve coordination, agility [33, 34, 70,71,72,73,74]

Standing up from a chair, walking 3 m, turning around, walking back to the chair, and sitting down, while time is measured. Use of a walking aid is allowed.

 8-ft up-and-go test [54]

Speed, agility, and balance while moving [75]

Standing up from a chair, walking 8 ft, turning around, walking back to the chair, and sitting down, while time is measured.

 Manual Timed Up & Go Test [76, 77]

Mobility [73]

Timed Up & Go Test with additional manual task (carrying a glass of water).

 Cognitive Timed Up & Go Test [77]

Mobility [73]

Timed Up & Go Test with additional cognitive task (counting backwards by threes).

 6-m walk test [45]

Mobility, walking speed [33, 34, 68]

Walking 6 m with comfortable pace while time is recorded. Use of walking aid is allowed.

 10-m walk test [45]

Walking speed [70]

Walking 10 m with comfortable pace while time is recorded. Use of walking aid is allowed.

 Instrumented gait analysis [46, 78]

Walking speed, stride length, double limb support time [79]

Walking at a comfortable pace over an electronic walkway while spatiotemporal gait parameters are recorded.

 Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test [52]

Lower extremity muscle strength and muscle endurance [71, 74]

Performing five repetitions of the sit-to-stand task without upper extremity assistance while time is recorded.

 30-s chair-stand test [55]

Muscle dynamic strength endurance of legs [75]

Performing as many repetitions of the sit-to-stand task as possible within 30 s with arms folded across chest.

 Modified 30-s chair-stand test, use of upper limbs allowed [20, 55]

Lower body strength, leg strength [33, 34]

Performing as many repetitions of sit-to-stand task as possible within 30 s with upper extremity assistance.

 Stair-climbing performance [53]

Functional performance [74]

Climbing a flight with 13 stairs while time is recorded.

 Maximal isometric strength assessed with dynamometers [80]

Maximal isometric muscle strength, maximal knee extension strength [33, 34, 74]

Pushing as hard as possible against the dynamometer after adopting a standardised position while maximum strength and integral over time are recorded.

 One-repetition maximum in leg press

Maximal dynamic concentric muscle strength in hip and knee extensors [74]

One-repetition maximum as achieved in the leg-press training machine.

 Handgrip dynamometer

Handgrip strength [74]

Putting maximum force on a dynamometer while maximal handgrip strength is recorded.

 Arm curl test [54]

Muscle dynamic strength endurance of upper body [75]

Performing as many biceps curls as possible within 30 s holding a hand weight of 5 pounds (women) / 8 pounds (men).

 2-min walk test [61]

Ambulation [81]

Walking for 2 min while distance is recorded. Use of usual walking aids is allowed.

 6-min walk test [62]

Walking performance [82]

Walking for 6 min without use of walking aids while distance is recorded.

 Modified 6-min walk test, use of walking aids allowed [23]

Walking endurance, functional mobility [33, 34, 83]

Walking for 6 min while distance is recorded. Use of usual walking aids / physical assistance is allowed.

 2-min step test [54])

Aerobic endurance [75]

Performing as many full steps as possible within 2 min, raising knees to a point midway between the patella and iliac crest.

 Chair sit-and-reach test [54]

Flexibility, flexibility of lower body [70, 75]

Stretching one leg keeping heel on the floor and trying to touch the toes with the fingers while sitting on a chair while distance between the fingers and toes is recorded.

 Back scratch test [54]

Flexibility of upper body [75]

Reaching over the shoulder with one hand and up the middle of the back with the other hand while the distance between extended middle fingers is recorded.

 (Modified) Short Physical Performance Battery [63]

Functional performance [74]

Assessment battery with three subtests including standing balance (tandem, semi-tandem, and side-by-side stands), walking speed over an 8-ft walking course, and Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test, which are graded on a five-point ordinal scale (0 to 4).

The modified version comprises two subtests including the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test and gait performance (maximum walking speed, step frequency, cadence).

 Senior Fitness Test [54]

Functional capacity [75]

Assessment battery including

(1) 30-s chair stand and arm curl test,

(2) chair sit-and-reach and back scratch test,

(3) 8-ft up-and-go test, and

(4) 2-min step test

 Physical Performance Test [53]

Performance based motor function activities of daily living [35]

Assessment battery with seven items (writing a sentence, simulated eating, lifting a book onto a shelf, putting on a jacket, picking up a coin from the floor, walking 50 ft, and turning 360°), which are scored on a 4-point Likert scale.

 Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living [64]

Performance based activities of daily living [35]

Assessment battery with five items (pouring a drink, spreading and cutting a sandwich, opening a small cupboard with a key, washing hands, and tying a bow on a present), which are rated according to correctly performed substeps (0–6 points).