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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies in this systematic review

From: Effects of hydrokinesitherapy on balance and walking ability in stroke survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies

Author,year

Mean age

Participents (M/F)

Intervention

Frenquency and duration of the hydrokinesitherapy

Outcomes/Measure(s)

Aidar 2018 [33]

52.2

36 (19/17)

EG: water-based aerobic exercise

CG: no specific physical activity

45–60 min/day,

2 days/week,

12 weeks

Balance/BBS, TUGT, Getting up from a sitting position;

Walking ability/Timed 7.62 m walk;

Depression/Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

Chan 2016 [47]

65.1

25 (13/12)

EG: water and land exercise

CG: land-based physical therapy

60 min/day, 2 days/week,

6 weeks

Balance/BBS, TUGT, commnuity balance and mobility score;

Walking ability/2 min walk test;

Chu 2004 [32]

62.5

12 (11/1)

EG: water-based exercise

CG: arm exercise

60 min/day, 3 days/week,

8 weeks

Balance/BBS;

Cardiorespiratory fitness/VO2max;

Maximal workload; muscle strength;

Gait speed;

Furnari 2014 [30]

70

40 (20/20)

EG: water-based exercise + conventional physical therapy

CG: land-based physical therapy

60 min/day, 6 days/week,

8 weeks

ADL/BI, FIM, mRS;

Spasticity/MAS;

Baropodometric parameters;

Han 2017 [34]

60.9

20 (10/8)

EG: aquatic Treadmill exercise

CG: land-based physical therapy

30 min/day, 5 days/week,

6 weeks

ADL/MBI;

Cardiorespiratory fitness/VO2max;

Walking ability/6 min walk test;

Kim 2016 [39]

68.6

20 (10/10)

EG: water-based exercise

CG: land-based physical therapy

30 min/day, 5 days/week,

6 weeks

Balance/BBS, TUGT, FRT, Five Times Sit-to Stand Test;

Walking ability/10-Meter Walk Test, FGA;

Lee 2018 [31]

60.5

37 (19/18)

EG: aquatic Treadmill exercise

CG: land-based physical therapy

30 min/day, 5 days/week,

4 weeks

Balance/BBS;

ADL/MBI;

Isometric muscle strength/Knee extensor and flexor strength test;

cardiorespiratory fitness/Symptom-limited exercise stress test;

Motor function/FMA;

QoL/EQ-5D index

Noh 2008 [38]

63.8

25 (11/14)

EG: Aichi and Halliwick exercise

CG: land-based physical therapy

60 min/day, 3 days/week,

8 weeks

Balance/BBS;

Weight-bearing ability;

Gait ability/Modified Motor Assessment Scale gait scores;

muscle strength;

Park 2011 [48]

53.8

44 (27/17)

EG: water-based exercise

CG: land-based physical therapy

35 min/day, 6 days/week,

6 weeks

JPS;POMA;

Park 2016 [49]

43.8

28 (20/8)

EG: Halliwick exercise

CG: land-based physical therapy

30 min/day, 3 days/week,

4 weeks

Walking speed; Walking cycle; Symmetry index of stance phase; Symmetry index of stride length; Affected side stride length; Affected side stance phase;

Tripp 2014 [42]

64.9

30 (19/11)

EG: Halliwick-Therapy + conventional physiotherapy

CG: land-based physical therapy

45 min/day, 5 days/week,

2 weeks

Balance/BBS;

functional gait ability/FAC;

mobility/RMI

Zhang 2016 [41]

55.5

36 (17/19)

EG: aquatic Treadmill exercise

CG: land-based physical therapy

40 min/day, 5 days/week,

8 weeks

ADL/BI;

Spasticity/MAS;

Surface electromyogram (EMG);

dependence on gait/FAC

Zhu 2015 [40]

56.8

28 (22/6)

EG: aquatic Treadmill exercise

CG: land-based physical therapy

45 min/day, 5 days/week,

4 weeks

Balance/BBS,TUGT,FRT;

Walking ability/2-min walk test

  1. BBS, Berg Balance scale; TUGT, Time Up to Go Test; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; ADL, Activity of daiy living; BI, Barthel Index; FIM, Functional Independence Measure; mRS, modified Ranking Scale; MAS, Modified Ashworth scale; MBI, Modified Barthel Index; FRT, Functional reach test; FGA, Functional Gait Assessment; FMA, Fugl-meyer assessment; QoL, Quality of Life; JPS, joint position sense; POMA, performance-oriented mobility assessment; FAC, Functional Ambulation Category; RMI, Rivermead Mobility Index