Recommended motor assessments based on psychometric properties in individuals with dementia: a systematic review

Trautwein, Sandra; Maurus, Philipp; Barisch-Fritz, Bettina; Hadzic, Anela; Woll, Alexander

doi:10.1186/s11556-019-0228-z

European Review of Aging and Physical Activity

Table 3 Relative and absolute test-retest reliability

	Variable	Study	Relative test-retest reliability							Absolute test-retest reliability
	Variable	Study	ICC	Rating	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Imprecision	Indirectness	Quality of evidence	MDC_95%	Rating	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Imprecision	Indirectness	Quality of evidence
Balance
FICSIT-4	Score	1 study of adequate quality (n = 58)^a [17]	0.79–0.82	+	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	58.9–71.1%	↓	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low
Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction of Balance	Sway velocity	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.91	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	36.5%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
Limits of Stability	Reaction time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.52	–	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	38.0%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Movement velocity	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.48	–	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	38.9%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Maximum excursion	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.68	–	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	15.9%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Directional control	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.71	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	21.8%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
Physiomat-Trail-Making Task [53]	Score	1 study of adequate quality (n = 74) [53]	0.90	+	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	Not assessed
	Sway Path	1 study of adequate quality (n = 47–73)^b [53]	0.47–0.82	+/− depending on condition	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	Not assessed
	Time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 47–73)^b [53]	0.55–0.83	+/− depending on condition	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	Not assessed
Physiomat-Follow-The-Ball Task	Sway Path	1 study of adequate quality (n = 73) [53]	0.84	+	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	Not assessed
Physiomat-Follow-The-Ball Task	Time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 73) [53]	0.79	+	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	Not assessed
FR	Distance	2 studies of adequate quality (n = 29) [14, 51]	0.81–0.84	+	No	No	n < 50	No	Low	15.4–68.9%	?/↓	No	Yes	n < 50	No	Not assigned (inconsistency)
Hill Step Test	Number of steps	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.87	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	26.2%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
Step Quick Turn Test	Time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.55	–	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	38.1%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
Step Quick Turn Test	Sway	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.64	–	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	29.7%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
Figure of Eight Test	Time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 46)^a [17]	0.85–0.94	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	36.9–37.9%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
GMWT	Time	2 studies of adequate quality (n = 95)^a [43, 63]	0.93–0.99	+	No	No	n = 50–100	No	Moderate	19.6–31.2%	?/↓	No	No	n = 50–100	No	Moderate
GMWT	Number of oversteps	2 studies of adequate quality (n = 95)^a [43, 63]	0.57–0.96	?	No	Yes	n = 50–100	No	Not assigned (inconsistency)	33.3–225.7%	↓	No	Yes	n = 50–100	No	Not assigned (inconsistency)
BBS	Score	2 studies of adequate quality (n = 68) [14, 43]	0.95–0.99	+	No	No	n = 50–100	No	Moderate	10.2–38.6%	?/↓	No	No	n = 50–100	No	Moderate
Mobility and gait
TUG	Time	6/5 studies of adequate quality (n = 200/191)^a [6, 14, 17, 43, 51, 102]	0.72–0.99	+	No	No	No	No	High	15.8–39.6%	+^h/↓	No	No	No	No	High
Cognitive TUG	Time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 10) [51]	0.51	–	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	36.2%	+^h/↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
Manual TUG	Time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.70	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	26.7%	+^h	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
6 m WT	Walking speed	1 study of adequate quality (n = 58)^a [17]	0.83–0.89	+	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	31.6–41.5%	-ⁱ/↓	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low
	Time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 9–10)^b [102]	0.92–0.95	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	Not assessed
	Number of steps	1 study of adequate quality (n = 9–10)^b [102]	0.80–0.90	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	Not assessed
4 m WT	Time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 53) [43]	0.85	+	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	84.3%	-ⁱ/↓	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low
Instrumented gait analysis	Walking speed	4/3 studies of adequate quality (n = 93/85)^{a, d, e} [6, 26, 51, 121]	0.50–0.98	+ (except for NeuroCom Balance Master)	No	No	n = 50–100	No	Moderate	10.2–48.3%	+ⁱ/↓	No	No	n = 50–100	No	Moderate
	Step length	2 studies of adequate quality (n = 34)^{a, d, e} [51, 121]	0.75–0.98	+	No	No	n < 50	No	Low	7.0–35.6%	?/↓	No	No	n < 50	No	Low
	Step width	2 studies of adequate quality (n = 34) ^{a, d, e} [51, 121]	0.89–0.95	+	No	No	n < 50	No	Low	20.0–24.7%	?	No	No	n < 50	No	Low
	Stride length	2 studies/1 study of adequate quality (n = 28/20)^e [26, 121]	0.97–0.98	+	No	No	n < 50	No	Low	6.8–8.5%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Cadence	2 studies/1 study of adequate quality (n = 28/20)^e [26, 121]	0.88–0.91	+	No	No	n < 50	No	Low	7.1–7.5%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Swing time	2 studies/1 study of adequate quality (n = 28/20)^e [26, 121]	0.89–0.96	+	No	No	n < 50	No	Low	7.0–7.1%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Stance time	1 study of adequate quality (n = 20)^e [121]	0.70–0.73	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very Low	8.6–8.7%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Toe in/out angle	1 study of adequate quality (n = 20)^e [121]	0.91–0.93	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very Low	28.2–33.5%	?/↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Walking speed variability	1 study of adequate quality (n = 16) [5]	0.66	–	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very Low	77.8%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Stride length variability	1 study of adequate quality (n = 16) [5]	0.80	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very Low	71.7%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Stride width variability	1 study of adequate quality (n = 16) [5]	0.83	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very Low	46.9%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
	Cadence variability	1 study of adequate quality (n = 16) [5]	0.65	–	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very Low	41.4%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
Strength
5x STS	Time	2 studies/1 study of adequate quality (n = 24/14) [51, 102]	0.80–0.94	+	No	No	n < 50	No	Low	29.9%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
STS on NeuroCom Balance Master	Rising Index	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.95	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	21.8%	?	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
STS on NeuroCom Balance Master	COG sway velocity	1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51]	0.02	–	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low	80.2%	↓	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very low
Modified 30s CST	Repetitions	1 study of adequate quality (n = 52)^a [17]	0.79–0.88	+	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	33.2–45.7%	↓	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low
Handgrip dynamometer	Force	3 studies/1 study of adequate quality (n = 143/57)^a [17, 102, 120]	0.42–0.98	+ (except for severe dementia)	No	No	No	No	High	34.9–36.8%	↓	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low
Maximum isometric strength assessed with dynamometers	Peak force	1 studies of adequate quality (n = 11–12)^f [102]	0.63–0.71	?	Serious	Yes	n < 50	No	Not assigned (inconsistency)	Not assessed
Maximum isometric strength assessed with dynamometers	(Normalised) torque	1 studies of adequate quality (n = 60)^a [114]	0.95–0.98	+	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low	Not assessed
Endurance
6 min WT	Distance	2 studies/1 study of adequate quality (n = 84/51)^{a, c} [6, 118]	0.76–0.98	+	No	No	n = 50–100	No	Moderate	21.2–28.9%	?	Serious	No	n = 50–100	No	Low
6 min WT	Walking speed	1 study of adequate quality (n = 33)^c [118]	0.75–0.89	+	Serious	No	n < 50	No	Very Low	Not assessed
Functional performance
E-ADL Test	Score	1 study of doubtful quality (n = 42) [110]	r = 0.73^g	?	Very serious	No	n < 50	No	Very Low	Not assessed

4 m WT 4-m walk test, 5x STS Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test, 6 m WT 6-m walk test, 6 min WT 6-min walk test, 30s CST 30-s chair stand test, BBS Berg Balance Scale, COG Centre of gravity, E-ADL Test Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living, FICSIT-4 Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques - subtest 4, FR Functional Reach Test, GMWT Groningen Meander Walking Test, ICC Intraclass correlation coefficient, MDC_95% Percentage minimal detectable changes at 95% confidence interval, n Total number of participants, STS Sit-to-Stand, TUG Timed Up & Go Test.
Rating according to COSMIN criteria for good measurement properties: + = sufficient, − = insufficient,? = indeterminate, ↓ = unacceptable absolute test-retest reliability.
^a test-retest reliability was assessed for different subgroups, ^b test-retest reliability was assessed for different conditions, ^c test-retest reliability was assessed for 2 different raters and 2 different between-test intervals, ^d test-retest reliability was assessed with 2 different devices, ^e test-retest reliability was assessed with 2 analysis sets, ^f test-retest reliability was assessed for 3 muscle groups, ^g Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, ^h minimal important change (TUG) = 10.1 s [17, 119], ⁱ minimal important change (walking speed) = 0.21 m/s [17, 119]

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