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Table 4 Results of individual studies

From: The effect of e-health interventions promoting physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis

No.

Author/Year

Outcome

Measurement

Effect Size – within group (Hedges G)

T1

T2

T3

1

Pinto 2005 [46]

PA time

EE

PA unit

7-Day PAR (min/week)

7-Day PAR (kcal/day)

Accelerometer (count)

0.58

0.60

0.43

0.71

0.72

0.36

 

2

King 2007 [47]

EE

PA time

EE

PA time

CHAMPS (kcal/kg/day)

CHAMPS (time/week)

7-Day PAR (kcal/kg/day)

7-Day PAR (min/week)

0.86

0.84

0.66

0.79

1.32

1.24

0.64

0.62

 

3

Kolt 2007 [48]

PA time

Walk time

AHSPAQ (min/week)

AHSPAQ (min/week)

0.18

0.40

0.24

0.19

0.35

0.21

4

King 2008 [49]

PA time

EE

CHAMPS (min/week)

CHAMPS (kcal/kg/week)

0.77

0.69

  

5

Martinson 2008 [45]

EE

CHAMPS (kcal/week)

−0.03

  

6

Laubach 2009 [50]

Step count

Pedometer (step/day)

0.50

  

7

Martinson 2010 [51]

EE

CHAMPS (kcal/week)

0.07

0.15

0.17

8

Kahlbaugh 2011 [34]

PA unit

WPAS (score)

NA

  

9

Van Stralen 2011 [52]

PA time

SQUASH (min/week)

0.17

  

10

Peels 2013 [35]

PA time

SQUASH (min/week)

NA

  

11

Bickmore 2013 [53]

Step count

Pedometer (step/day)

0.01

  

12

Irvine 2013 [54]

PA time

PA frequency

SDQ (min/week)

SDQ (count/week)

NA

0.84

NA

0.79

 

13

King 2013 [55]

Step count

Walk time

Pedometer (step/day)

CHAMPS (min/week)

NA

3.44

  

14

Wijsman 2013 [36]

PA time

Accelerometer (min/day)

NA

  

15

Kim 2013 [56]

Step count

PA unit

Pedometer (step/day)

LTEQ (score)

0.29

1.86

  

16

Mendelson 2014 [57]

Steps count

EE

Accelerometer (step/day)

Accelerometer (kcal/week)

−0.06

− 0.05

  

17

Tabak 2014 [58]

PA unit

PA unit

BPAQ (score)

Accelerometer (count/min)

−0.41

0.13

0.07

−0.16

 

18

Tabak 2014 [59]

Step count

Accelerometer (step/day)

0.09

0,14

−0.05

19

Thompson 2014 [42]

PA unit

Accelerometer (unit/day)

−0.14

  

20

Vroege 2014 [60]

PA time

Accelerometer (min/day)

0.60

  

21

Frederix 2015 [41]

PA time

Step count

IPAQ (min/week)

Accelerometer (step/day)

NA

11.19a

NA

27.6a

 

22

Maddison 2015 [61]

PA time

Walk time

IPAQ (min/week)

IPAQ (min/week)

0.17

0.13

  

23

Martin 2015 [62]

Step count

PA time

Accelerometer (steps/day)

Accelerometer (min/day)

0.39

0.71

  

24

Mouton 2015 [71]

PA time

IPAQ (min/week)

0.33

  

25

Van de Weegen 2015 [63]

PA time

Accelerometer (min/day)

0.75

0.76

 

26

Broekhuizen 2016 [64]

PA time

Accelerometer (min/day)

0.59

  

27

King 2016 [37]

PA time

Sed time

Walk time

Accelerometer (min/day)

Accelerometer (min/day)

Accelerometer (min/day)

   

28

Muller 2016 [65]

PA time

Sed time

IPAQ-S (min/week)

IPAQ-S (hr/day)

0.75

−0.12

0.85

−0.03

 

29

Parker 2016 [33]

PA time

EPAP (min/week)

NA

  

30

Thakkar 2016 [39]

PA time

Sed time

GPAQ(min/week)

GPAQ (min/week)

0.82

NA

  

31

Thomsen 2016 [43]

Sed time

ActivPAL3 (hours/day)

−0.15

  

32

Demeyer 2017 [66]

Step count

PA time

Walk time

Accelerometer (step/day)

Accelerometer (min/day)

Accelerometer (min/day)

0.11

0.12

0.19

  

33

Krebs 2017 [44]

PA unit

GLTEQ (MET units/week)

−0.16

  

34

Lyons 2017 [67]

Step count

Walk time

Sed time

Accelerometer (step/day)

Accelerometer (min/day)

Accelerometer (min/day)

0.41

0.58

−0.28

  

35

Nahm 2017 [68]

PA time

EE

YPAS (min/week)

YPAS (kcal/week)

0.21

0.21

  

36

Alley 2018 [38]

PA time

Step count

Accelerometer (min/day)

Accelerometer (step/day)

NA

NA

  

37

Ellis 2019 [69]

Steps count

PA time

Pedometer (step/day)

Pedometer (min/day)

0.01

0.13

  

38

Rowley 2019 [40]

Steps count

Pedometer (step/day)

2.34a

  
  1. aOutlining effect size, which was excluded from the meta-analysis
  2. PA Physical activity, EE Energy expenditure, Sed time Sedentary time, CHAMPS Community Healthy Activities Model Program questionnaire for older adults, SQUASH Short questionnaire to assess health enhancing physical activity, GLTEQ Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire, YPAS Yale Physical Activity Survey, EPAP Electronic Physical Activity Participation Form, WPAS Weekly Physical Activity Scale, 7-Day = 7-Day Physical Activity Recall, AHSPAQ Auckland Heart Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, BPAQ Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire, GPAQ Global Physical Activity Questionnaire; GPPAQ General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire, SDQ Self-developed questionnaire