Eligible author and year | Participants (age(M,SD), sex) | Study aims | Intervention (cognitive-motor task) | Cognitive task and measurement | Motor task and measurement | Training duration |
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Randomised controlled trials | ||||||
Azadian (2016) [26] | N = 30 IG1:n = 10, 73.9 ± 5.5, n.a. IG2:n = 10, 73.8 ± 3.9, n.a. CG:n = 10, 73.7 ± 4.4; n.a. | evaluation of the effect of two cognitive training methods on pattern of gait | IG1: GDT IG2: CT CG: - | INH/PS (A-mo/Vi-mo): Reaction time to auditory stimulus/visual stimulus on screen; WM: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Digit Symbol B/F | walking ST and DT condition: Vicon System, asymmetry index (AS) | 18 h/ 3 × 45 min p.w. for 8 wk. |
Bacha (2018) [32] | N = 46 IG: n = 23, 8 m/15f CG: n = 23, 4 m/19f | effectiveness of KAG games versus CPT to improve postural control, gait, fitness and cognition | IG1: EXG CG: PHY | GF: MoCa | Postural Control: Mini-BESTest; Gait: FGA Fitness: 6MST | 14 h, 2 × 60 min p.w for 7 wk. |
Eggenberger (2015) [27] | N = 89 IG1:n = 30, 77.3 ± 6.3,n.a. IG2:n = 29, 78.5 ± 5.1,n.a. IG3:n = 30, 80.8 ± 4.7,n.a. | comparison of effects of physical MCT training to a stepping-based Exergame on cognition | IG1:GDT-EXG (Stepmania) IG2:GDT- EXG (Memory) IG3:PHY (Walking) | EF/SH(vi-mo):TMT-B WM: Paired-Associates Learning Task; ATT: Age concentration test A and B; PS (vi-mo) TMT-A, DSST and WAIS-R; GCF: MoCA | n.a. | 36 h / 3 × 60 min p.w. for 3 12 wk. / 24 wk. |
Eggenberger (2016) [33] | N = 33; IG:n = 19, 72.8 ± 5.9, 7 m/12f CG:n = 14 77.8 ± 7.4,5 m/9f | effects of DT video game against conventional balance training on PFC activity during walking and on EF | IG: GDT- EXG (Stepmania) CG:ST (Balance) | EF/SH (vi-ma) TMT-B ATT/ INH (vi-ma) Stroop test GCF: MoCA | lower extremity function: SPPB | 18 h / 3 × 30 min p.w. for 12 wk. |
Falbo (2016) [15] | N = 36; IG: n = 20,71.5 ± 6.7, 2 m/18f CG: n = 16,73.7 ± 4.5, 2 m/14 f | benefits of a DT training specifically on EF compared to physical training with lower executive demands | IG: GDT CT: ST | EF (A-ve): verbal RNG Test INH (A-ve) Turning point index, adjacency, runs WM (A-ve): redundancy, coupon, repetition gap | walking ST and DT: speed, gait length and cadence recording with photocell system | 24 h / 2 × 60 min p.w. for 12 wk. |
Hars (2014) [34] | N = 134; IG:n = 66,75 ± 8, 2 m/64f CG: n = 68, 76 ± 6,3 m/65f | effects of a multi-task music based training on cognitive functioning and mood | IG: GDT CG: - | GCF (vi-ma): MMSE, CDT, FAB | n.a. | 25 h/ 2 × 30 min p.w. for 25 wk. |
Hiyamizu (2012) [35] | N = 43; IG: n = 21 71.2 ± 4.4,5 m/16f CG: n = 22, 72.9 ± 5.1,12 m/10f | effects of a DT balance training on postural control while performing a cognitive task | IG: GDT CG:ST (balance and strength) | EF (vi-ma): TMT (B-A) INH/ATT (vi-ve): Stroop task | Standing and walking, Chair Standing Test, TUGT, Functional Reach Test, COP displacements | 24 h / 2 × 60 p.w. for 12 wk. |
Kitazawa (2015) [36] | N = 60 G:n = 30, 76.8 ± 4.4, 17 m/13f, CG: n = 30, 75.5 ± 3.7, 10 m/20f | effect of a net-stepping exercise on cognitive performance and gait function | IG: GDT CG: - | GCF: Touch Panel-Type Demetia Assesment Scale (TDAS) | Mobility: TUG | 8 h / 1 × 60 min p.w. for 8 wk. |
MacLean (2014) [37] | N = 45; IG1:n = 15, 73.2 ± 5.36,4 m/11f IG2: n = 15, 69.1 ± 3.37,6 m/9f IG3: n = 15, 72.9 ± 6.49,7 m/8f | effects of musical training on the gait and cognition in healthy older people | IG1: GDT IG2: ST IG3: ST | GCF: MMSE; EF/ SH/ PS: TMT A/B; WM (ve) DS b/f; Immediate and delayed story recall | Gait (ST/DT conditions): velocity, stability | n.a. |
Malliot (2012) [29] | N = 32, IG n = 16, 73.47 ± 4.10 CG n = 16, 73.47 ± 3.0; 5 m/27f | determine whether exergame training sport activity would show transfer to cognitive functions | IG:GDT- EXG CG: - | EF/INH/ ATT (vi-ve): Stroop Test, TMT A/B. Matrix Reasoning Test; WM (vi-ve): Spatial Span Test b/f, Directional Headings, Mental Rotation Letter Digit,; PS: cancellation test, number comparison test; PS(vi-ma): Reaction time test, Plate Tapping test | Heart rate (6 min walking); Chair Stand 8-ft-up and go; Arm curls, “back scratch” | 12 h/ 1 × 60 min p.w. for 12 wk. |
Nishiguchi (2015) [38] | N = 48 IG: n = 24, 73.0 ± 4.8, 13 m/11 fm CG: n = 24, 73.5 ± 5.6, 13 m/11f | investigate whether a physical and cognitive program can improve cognitive function and brain activation efficiency in older people | IG: GDT CG: - | GCF: MMSE WM: WMS-R EF/ATT PS: (vi): TMT B-A, Go-No-Go-Stimulus, Test off attentional control | 10-m walking test, TUGT, 5-CtST | 18 h/ 1 × 90 minp.w. for 12 wk. |
Ordnung (2017) [30] | N = 30 IG: n = 15, 69 ± 79 6.34, n.a. CG: n = 15, 68 ± 4.67, n.a. | investigate the effect of a whole-body Exergame training intervention | IG: GDT- EXG CG:- | ATT/PS: Test of Attentional Performance; WM (vi-ma): n-back task 2; INH: Go/ No-Go-Stimulus | 3 min. Step Test, upper body muscle endurance test, grip strength, hand motor skills; Motor RT: Ruler Drop Test, Balance (Balance Board) | 12 h/ 2 × 60 min p.w. for 6 wk. |
Schaettin (2016) [39] | N = 27; Mean 80 IG1: n = 13, 8 m/5f IG2: n = 14, 80, 7 m/7f | compare Exergame training with conventional balance training | IG1: SDT- EXG IG2: Balance | EF (vi-ma):computerized TAP (WM, SHI, divided ATT, INH (Go−/No-Go-task)) | n.a. | 15 h/ 3 × 30 min p.w. for 10 wk. |
Schoene (2013) [31] | N = 37 IG: n = 15, 77.5 ± 4.5, n.a. CG; n = 17, 78.4 ± 4.5,n.a. | effects of a stepping exergae on stepping performance and associated fall risk | IG: SDT- EXG CG: - | PS (vi-mo): Choice Stepping Reaction time; EF: TMT; DTC:TUG-DT | Physiological Profile Assessment (Fall Risk); TUGT, 5STS, Alternate Step Test (AST | 16 h/ 3 × 20 min p.w. for 16 wk. |
Schoene (2015) [40] | N = 90 IG: n = 47, 82 ± 7, 66%f CG: n = 43, 81 ± 7,67%f | effectiveness of step-based exercise game on cognitive functions associated with falls | IG: SDT- EXG CG: education brochure | EF(vi-mo): Stroop Stepping Test (SST); PS/ATT (vi-mo): Letter-digit test, CRT + CSRT; TMT A, Attentional network test; INH: Victoria Stroop Task DTC:TUG-DT; WM: Digit span B; | n.a. | 16 h // 3 × 20 min p.w. for 16 wk. |
Wollesen (2017a) [41] | N = 95 IG1: n = 26,72.2 ± 4.6,10 m/16f, IG2: n = 30, 69.8 ± 5.7,2 m/28f CG1: n = 19, 72.9 ± 4.4, m/12f . CG2: n = 20, 72.7 ± 5.3, 3 m/17f | effects of a DT training in people with and without concern about falling on walking performance | IG1: GDT (FES-I < 20) IG2: GDT (FES-I > 20) CG1: - (FES-I < 20) CG2: - (FES-I > 20) | DT/ATT performance (vi-ve): Stroop Task | Walking performance: ST =30-s walking test DT: 30-s-walking test + (vi-ve) Stroop Task | 12 h1 × 60 min p.w. for 12 wk. |
Wollesen (2017b) [42] | N = 78 IG1: n = 29,70.7 ± 4.9, 7 m/22f IG2: n = 23, 71.7 ± 4.9,8 m/15f CG: n = 26, 73.7 ± 5.0,7 m/19f | effects of a DT balancetraining and a ST strength and resistance training on motor performance during DT walking | IG1: GDT IG2: PHY (Strength and resistance) CG: - | ATT/DT performance (au-ve): Stroop task while walking | Walking performance: ST and DT conditions | 12 h/ 1 × 60 min p.w. for 12 wk. |
You (2009) [43] | N = 13 IG: n = 8,70.5 ± 6.8,2 m/11f CG: n = 5, 68.0 ± 3.3, 1 m/4f | determine long-term practice effects of CGI on cognition and gait performance in older people with a history of falls | IG: SDT CG: ST (walking) | Memory recall (ve): memorise and recall words | walking performance under DT conditions: velocity; stability; COP displacements | 15 h/ 5 × 30 min p.w. for 6 wk. |
Controlled clinical trials and other | ||||||
Ansai (2017) [25] | N = 80; IG: n = 41,68.5 ± 8.4, n.a. CG:n = 39, 68.5 ± 6.3; n.a. | effects of the addition of a dual task to MCT on cognition | IG: TDT (MCT + CT), CG: MCT | GCF: MMSE, MoCA; VS: CDT; EF (Ve-mo): DTC: TUGT-DT memorising number and dialling while walking | TUGT: mobility | 60 h/ 3 × 50 min p.w. for 12 wk. |
Bisson (2007) [44] | N = 24; IG1: n = 12; 74. ± 3.6,7 m/5f IG2: n = 12, 74 ± 4.92,2 m/9f | determine the effect of VR and BF training on balance and reaction time in older people | IG1: GDT- EXG (VR) IG2: GDT- EXG (BF) | PS (au-ve): verbal reaction to auditory cue | COP displacement; CB&M Scale | 10 h/ 2 × 30 min p.w. for 10 wk. |
Chuang (2015) [45] | N = 26, IG1:n = 7, 69.43 ± 3.82, IG2:n = 11, 67.01 ± 1.67, CG:n = 8, 68.25 ± 3.96; 26f/0 m | examine whether DDR training would exert similar effect on interference control as that brisk walking in elderly individual | IG1: SDT- EXG (DDR) IG2: ST (walking) CG: - | EF (Vi-mo): reaction to visual stimulus on screen in reaction time/ms; EEG recording INH: Flanker Test | n.a. | 18 h/ 3 × 30 min p.w. for 12 wk. |
Heiden (2010) [46] | N = 16, Mean Age 77 IG n = 9, 5 f/ 4 m CG = 7, 6 f/ 1 m | Effects of a games-based balance training program on general fitness and attentional demands in postural control | IG: GDT CT: - | PS (A-Ve): reaction on auditory simulus | CB&M Scale, 6 min walking, COP displacements (RMS) | 8 h/ 2 × 30 min p.w. for 8 wk. |
Kayama (2014) [28] | n = 41; > 65 IG: n = 26, n.a. CG: n = 15, n.a. | whether or not a DT Thai Chi training program would effectively improve cognitive functions | IG: ST+ EXG (GDT Thai Chi) CG: Standardised Training | EF/PS: TMT A/B VF (ve): Verbal Fluency Task | n.a. | 60 h/ 1 × 80 min p.w. for 12 wk. |
Morita (2018) [47] | N = 19 IG: n = 8, 75.0 ± 1.5, 8 m, CG: n = 11, 71.9 ± 4.0, 2 m/9f | effect of 2-year cognitive–motor dual-task (DT) training on cognitive functions and motor ability | IG: GDT CG: - | GCF: Modified Mini-Mental State(3MS) PS/ATT (vi): TMT A/B | Quadriceps isometric muscle strength motor ability: TUGT, maximal step length (MSL) | 104 h/ 1 × 60 min p.w. for 104 wk |
Theill (2013) [48] | N = 63 IG1: n = 21, 72.39 ± 4.19, IG2: n = 16, 73.33 ± 6.08, CG: n = 26, 70.90 ± 4.77, | effects of simultaneously performed WM and PHY training on cognitive and motor-cognitive dual task performance | IG1: GDT IG2: ST (cognitive training) CG: - | paired associates learning; ATT (vi-ma): continuous performance task EF:sequential learning PS(vi-ma): Digit-letter task WM (ve): n-nack task | Walking ST/DT conditions | 13 h/ 2 × 40 min p.w. for 10 wk. |