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Table 2 The characteristics of training protocol and outcomes included in the review

From: Effects of vibration therapy on muscle mass, muscle strength and physical function in older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study year

Type of intervention (T/C)

Vibration machine

Posture of WBV or location of LV

Vibration Frequency (Hz)

Time of duration

Frequency of sessions ×duration of program

Outcome measures and (follow up period in weeks)

Muscle mass

Muscle strength

Physical performance

Bellomo et al. 2013 [53]

T:LV

C:None

VISS device (Vissman, Rome, Italy)

Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles

300

15 min

1/week from week 1 to 8

3/week from week 9 to 12

NM

Lower-limb strength (0,12)

Balance test: Sway area (0,12)

Wei et al. 2017 [54, 55]

T1: WBV

T2: WBV

T3: WBV

C: None

WBV machine (Fit vibe excel, Gymna Uniphy NV, Bilzen, Belgium)

Stood barefoot with their knee joint flexed at 60° on the platform of the WBV machine with hands holding onto the rail in front

T1:20

T2:40

T3:60

12 min

6 min

4 min

3/week from 1 to 12

CSA

(0,6,12,18,24)

Lower-limb strength (0,6,12,18,24)

Meter walking test

Timed up and-go test

Five-repetition sit-to-stand test

(0,6,12,18,24)

Study year

Type of intervention (T/C)

Vibration machine

Posture of WBV or location of LV

Vibration Frequency (Hz)

Time of duration

Frequency of sessions ×duration of program

Outcome measures and (follow up period in weeks)

Muscle mass

Muscle strength

Physical performance

Zhu et al. 2019 [57]

T: WBV

C: None

WBV machine Wellengang Excellence reciprocating vibration platform (SVG, Wellengang, Germany)

Set on the chair next to the WBV machine and put the foot on the fixed position of the WBV machine with hands holding onto the rail in front

12 for 1 to 2 weeks

14 for 3 to 6 weeks

16 for 7 to 8 weeks

20 min

5/week from 1 to 8

DXA (0,8)

Handgrip strength Lower-limb strength

(0,8)

The 6-m gait speed test Timed-up-and-go test

Five-times-sit-to-stand test

Balance test

(0,8)

Pietrangelo et al. 2009 [52]

LV

VISS device (Vissman, Rome, Italy)

Intermedius femoris, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis muscles.

300

15 min

1/week from week 1 to 8

3/week from week 9 to 12

CSA (0,4,8,12)

Lower-limb strength (0,4,8,12,28)

NM

Study year

Type of intervention

(T/C)

Vibration machine

Posture of WBV or location of LV

Vibration Frequency (Hz)

Time of duration

Frequency of sessions ×duration of program

Outcome measures and (follow up period in weeks)

Muscle mass

Muscle strength

Physical performance

Chang et al. 2018 [56]

WBV

Whole-body vibration (i-vib6050 model)

Stood on a vibration and stimulation generating platform

12

10 min

3/week from week 1 to week 12

SMI (kg/kg)

(1, 12)

Grip strength

(1, 12)

Eight-foot up and go test

Five repeated sit-to-stand tests

Standing on one-foot text

Shoulder-arm flexibility text

(1, 12)

Miller et al. 2018 [51]

WBV

Whole-body vibration (Power Plate platform (Northbrook, Illinois)

Stood bare foot on the platform, legs shoulder width apart, knees flexed to a 30° angle, and their arms placed equidistant on the device handles.

30

T1:6 min

T2:1min

T1:1 time

T2:6 time

NM

Grip strength (acute)

Timed Up and Go Test

Berg Balance Scale

Sit and Reach

(acute)

  1. WBV whole-body vibration, LV local vibration, CSA cross-sectional area, SMI (kg/kg): muscle mass (kg)/weight(kg), DXA Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, NM not measured