Table 3 Study results at post intervention; physical and cognitive outcomes

Arrieta et al [30], 2019

SPPB, loss of ≥ 1 SPPB point (%)

IG: 37.8%

CG: 29.2%

p = 0.772

-

-

IPAQ, median

IG: change from 2640 to 2133

CG: change from 2280 to 2772

p = 0.856

Verbal fluency, 15 sec., median (IQR)

IG: change from 6 (5-8) to 6 (5-8)

CG: change from 6 (5-8) to 7 (6-8)

p = 0.920

SPPB score, median (IQR)

IG: change from 10 (8-11) to 10 (7.5-12)

CG: change from 10 (8-11) to 10 (9-11)

p = 0.999

-

-

-

-

Verbal fluency, 15-60 sec., median (IQR)

IG: change from 9 (7-11) to 9 (7-12)

CG: change from 9 (6-11) to 9 (7-12)

p = 0.945

Gait speed (m/s), median

IG: change from 0.78 to 0.91

CG: change from 0.80 to 0.92

p = 0.171

-

-

-

-

-

-

Maréchal et al [31], 2019

8-foot up & go (sec.), change, mean (SE)

IG: - 0.2 (0.3)

CG: - 1.1 (0.5)

NS

Chair stand test (rep.), change, mean (SE)

IG: 4.3 (0.9)

CG: 1.0 (0.5)

p = 0.01

SBT (min/week), change, mean (SE)

IG, change: - 295.7 (95.4)

CG, change: - 11.3 (102.7)

NS

-

-

Sit & reach test (cm), change, mean (SE)

IG: 1.2 (1.6)

CG: 0.8 (1.1)

NS

Arm curl test (rep.), change, mean (SE)

IG: 2.7 (0.8)

CG: 1.9 (0.7)

NS

PASE score, change, mean (SE)

IG, change: 26.8 (34.7)

CG, change: 19.2 (11.5)

NS

-

-

Six-minute walk test (m), change, mean (SE)

Grip strength (kg), change, mean (SE)

IG: 5.8 (2.7)

CG: - 0.6 (1.7)

NS

-

-

-

-

GPCS, change, mean (SE)

IG: 4.0 (0.2)

CG: 1.5 (0.8)

p = 0.047

Leg strength, 1RM, change, mean (SE)

IG: 8.8 (14.2)

CG: 6.0 (5.9)

NS

-

-

-

-

Sajid et al [32], 2016

SPPB, points, mean (SE)

EXCAP: change from 8.7 (0.9) to 10.0 (0.7)

CG: change from 7.8 (1.1) to 8.4 (0.9)

p = 0.403

Wii: change from 9.1 (0.6) to 9.1 (0.5)

CG: change from 7.8 (1.1) to 8.4 (0.9)

p = 0.400

Chest press reps, mean (SE)

EXCAP: change from 78.8 (9.0) to 82.9 (9.2)

CG: change from 72.0 (6.1) to 73.5 (5.8)

p = 0.727

Wii: change from 59.1 (3.6) to 63.8 (3.3)

CG: change from 72.0 (6.1) to 73.5 (5.8)

p = 0.459

Steps, mean (SE)

EXCAP: change from 3593.9 (864.5) to 5544.3 (1258.8)

CG: change from 2625.7 (721.7) to 2242.3 (694.1)

p = 0.019

Wii: change from 2999.9 (770.1) to 4223.7 (893.6)

CG: change from 2625.7 (721.7) to 2242.3 (694.1)

p = 0.051

-

-

-

-

Handgrip strength, mean (SE)

EXCAP: change from 33.8 (3.4) to 35.5 (4.0)

CG: change from 34.7 (2.2) to 34.2 (1.3)

p = 0.447

Wii: change from 29.1 (1.8) to 30.7 (2.3)

CG: change from 34.7 (2.2) to 34.2 (1.3)

p = 0.285

-

-

-

-

Miki et al [33], 2014

ADL; Barthel Index, mean (SE)

IG: change from 100.00 (0.00) to 100.00 (0.00)

CG: change from 99.75 (0.25) to 99.75 (0.25)

p = 0.333

-

-

-

-

Frontal Assessment Battery, mean

(SE)

IG: change from 15.00 (0.26) to 16.61 (0.22)

CG: change from 14.50 (0.30) to 14.95 (0.36)

p = 0.003

IADL; Lawton & Brody, mean (SE)

IG: change from 9.55 (0.18) to 9.74 (0.13)

CG: change from 9.15 (0.24) to 9.28 (0.22)

p = 0.097

-

-

-

-

-

-