Table 2 Regression coefficients obtained from the multilevel linear regression models

 Intercept

59.18 (58.34, 60.02)

<  0.001

7.23 (7.13, 7.33)

<  0.001

10.79 (10.67, 10.90)

<  0.001

 slope changes of age

3.16 (2.50, 3.83)

<  0.001

0.76 (0.70, 0.82)

<  0.001

−0.90 (−0.97, −0.84)

<  0.001

 Intercept

59.88 (58.59, 61.16)

<  0.001

7.06 (6.90, 7.22)

<  0.001

11.14 (10.97, 11.31)

<  0.001

 slope changes of age

− 1.82 (− 2.51, − 1.12)

<  0.001

0.79 (0.70, 0.88)

<  0.001

− 0.84 (− 0.94, − 0.75)

<  0.001

 short-term

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

 mid-term

4.46 (2.67, 6.25)

<  0.001

− 0.48 (− 0.70, − 0.27)

<  0.001

0.38 (0.14, 0.63)

0.002

 long-term

3.46 (1.34, 5.57)

0.001

− 0.80 (−1.04, − 0.56)

<  0.001

0.80 (0.51, 1.08)

<  0.001

 age:short-term

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

0 (Reference)

 age:mid-term

4.85 (3.68, 6.05)

<  0.001

−0.11(− 0.25, 0.03)

0.128

− 0.02 (− 0.17, 0.13)

0.721

 age:long-term

11.25 (10.00, 12.52)

<  0.001

− 0.28 (− 0.44, − 0.13)

<  0.001

0.22 (0.07, 0.38)

0.006

 sex

3.33 (1.48, 5.19)

<  0.001

0.07(− 0.13, 0.27)

0.477

0.09(− 0.14, 0.33)

0.427

 depression

− 0.90 (− 1.25, − 0.55)

<  0.001

0.14 (0.09, 0.19)

<  0.001

− 0.23 (− 0.28, − 0.19)

<  0.001

 home-bound

− 1.97 (−2.82, − 1.13)

<  0.001

0.44 (0.32, 0.56)

<  0.001

− 0.45 (− 0.55, − 0.35)

<  0.001

 dysphagia

−0.40(− 0.90, 0.10)

0.119

0.01(− 0.06, 0.08)

0.774

− 0.16 (− 0.22, − 0.10)

<  0.001

 poor nutrition

1.32 (0.50, 2.14)

0.001

0.09(− 0.03, 0.21)

0.129

0(− 0.09, 0.10)

0.928

 cognitive status

− 0.82 (− 1.39, − 0.25)

0.005

0.14 (0.05, 0.22)

0.001

−0.13 (− 0.20, − 0.06)

<  0.001