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Table 1 The frequency of occurrence of normal and below-normal bone mineral status in men and women (%) depending on the sport and percentage differences (χ2 test, level of significance p)

From: Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise

Bone Mineral Density

Reference ranges

Men (n = 137)

χ2

(p) Φ

Women (n = 107)

χ2

(p) Φ

EA

SPA

TA

EA

SPA

TA

Distal R + U

Normal (T-score = > −0.99)

69.4

77.8

100

9.2 (0.057) 0.3

50.0

57.5

89.5

9.9 (0.043) 0.3

Osteopenic (T-score − 1 to −2.49)

29.0

22.2

–

47.9

42.5

10.5

Osteoporosis (T-score < = − 2.50)

1.6

–

–

2.1

–

–

Proximal R + U

Normal (T-score= > −0.99)

46.8

44.4

61.9

3.8 (0.431) 0.2

12.5

40.0

63.2

19.7 (< 0.001) 0.4

Osteopenic (T-score − 1 to −2.49)

40.3

44.4

38.1

37.5

22.5

26.3

Osteoporosis (T-score < = − 2.50)

12.9

11.2

–

50.0

37.5

10.5

Proximal R

Normal (T-score = > −0.99)

62.9

68.5

85.7

4.1 (0.392) 0.2

33.3

47.5

68.4

9.0 (0.060) 0.3

Osteopenic (T-score − 1 to −2.49)

30.6

25.9

14.3

22.9

25.0

21.1

Osteoporosis (T-score < = − 2.50)

6.5

5.6

–

43.8

27.5

10.5

  1. Notes: EA Endurance athletes, SPA Speed-power athletes, TA Throwing athletes