Table 1 Basic characteristics of the literature included in the study(M ± SD)
Study | Country | Cognitive status | Sample(E/C) | Age(E/C) | Female proportion(E/C) | Education level(E/C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown 2009a [49] | Astralia | N | 66/34 | 79.5 ± 5.9/78.1 ± 6.4 | 86.6/86.8 | 10.6 ± 2.4/10.3 ± 2.3 |
Brown 2009b [49] | Astralia | N | 26/34 | 81.5 ± 6.9/78.1 ± 6.4 | 91.6/86.8 | 10.2 ± 1.9/10.3 ± 2.3 |
Eggenberger 2016 [28] | Switzerland | N | 19/14 | 72.8 ± 5.9/77.8 ± 7.4 | 63.2/64.3 | 13.4 ± 1.8/13.6 ± 2.1 |
Gothe 2016 [62] | America | N | 61/57 | C62.1 ± 5.8/62.0 ± 5.4 | 80.3/75.4 | >college degree 77/56.2 |
Albinet 2016 [29] | America | N | 19/17 | 67 ± 5/66 ± 5 | 68.4/76.5 | 11.9 ± 3.9/11.6 ± 2.1 |
Kalbe 2018 [50] | German | N | 18/17 | 68.2 ± 8.0/67.5 ± 5.9 | 61.1/58.8 | 14.4 ± 3.5/14.5 ± 2.9 |
Liu-ambrose 2010a [37] | Canada | N | 46/47 | 69.4 ± 3.0/70.0 ± 3.3 | 100/100 | >high school 98.2/98 |
Liu-ambrose 2010b [37] | Canada | N | 42/47 | 69.5 ± 2.7/70.0 ± 3.3 | 100/100 | >high school 98.2/98 |
Hariprasad 2013 [43] | India | N | 60/60 | 75.74/74.78 | 58.1/62.1 | 13.1 ± 4.1/11.4 ± 4.4 |
Norouzi 2019 [38] | Iran | N | 20/20 | 68.3 ± 4.1/68.1 ± 3.7 | 0/0 | NR |
Nouchi 2013 [51] | Japan | N | 32/32 | 66.8 ± 4.6/67.1 ± 2.8 | NR | 13.4 ± 1.9/13.2 ± 2.0 |
Lachman 2006 [39] | America | N | 102/108 | 75.3 ± 7.4/74.6 ± 6.5 | Total 77.6 | 14.3 ± 2.7/13.9 ± 3.1 |
Ferreira 2015 [30] | Brazil | N | 22/22 | 66.2 ± 5.6/69.2 ± 4.8 | 68.2/86.3 | 12.9 ± 2.7/12.9 ± 2.5 |
Vaughn 2014 [52] | Astralia | N | 25/23 | 69.0 ± 3.1/68.8 ± 3.5 | NR | 12.3 ± 2.9/12.7 ± 3.5 |
Fabre 2002 [31] | France | N | 8/8 | 65.4 ± 2.2 /65.7 ± 1.5 | 87.5/75 | 11.2 ± 1.3/12.1 ± 1.4 |
Shan 2016 [44] | China | N | 25/20 | 61.2 ± 5.3/59.1 ± 4.9 | 68/85 | 9.4 ± 3.1/8.8 ± 3.2 |
Li 2016 [45] | China | N | 28/29 | 66.6 ± 4.0/65.9 ± 5.1 | NR | >high school 50/48.3 |
Yang 2019 [46] | China | N | 13/13 | 66.3 ± 4.3/65.9 ± 3.5 | 76.9/76.9 | >high school 100/100 |
Hong 2017b [40] | Korea | N | 13/12 | 75.9/73.2 | 83.3/46.1 | NR |
Hong 2017a [40] | Korea | MCI | 10/12 | 77.9/75.9 | 70/75 | NR |
Bae 2019 [53] | Japan | MCI | 41/42 | 75.5 ± 6.0/76.4 ± 5.0 | 43.9/52.4 | 11.1 ± 2.2/10.9 ± 2.3 |
Damirchi 2018a [54] | Iran | MCI | 11/9 | 68.8 ± 3.7/69.1 ± 4.9 | 100/100 | 3.4 ± 1.0/3.2 ± 1.2 |
Damirchi 2018b [54] | Iran | MCI | 13/9 | 67.8 ± 4.7/69.1 ± 4.9 | 100/100 | 2.8 ± 0.9/3.2 ± 1.2 |
Donnezan 2018 [28] | France | MCI | 18/14 | 77.1 ± 1.44/79.2 ± 4 | NR | 6.1 ± 0.4/5.8 ± 0.4 |
Yoon 2018 [41] | Korea | MCI | 20/23 | 73.8 ± 4.4/74.0 ± 4.3 | 70/69.6 | 8.1 ± 3.5/9.8 ± 4.4 |
Eggermont 2009 [32] | Korea | MCI | 51/46 | 85.4 | NR | NR |
Lam 2010 [47] | China | MCI | 135/194 | 77.2 ± 6.3/78.3 ± 6.6 | NR | 4.1 ± 4.3/2.6 ± 3.2 |
Scherder 2005 [33] | Netherlands | MCI | 15/15 | 84 ± 6.4/86 ± 5.1 | 86.7/93.3 | 2.6 ± 1.1/2.7 ± 1.7 |
Sungkarat 2016 [48] | Thailand | MCI | 33/33 | 68.3 ± 6.7/67.5 ± 7.3 | 93.9/78.8 | 11.4 ± 5.1/9.3 ± 5.5 |
Zhu 2018 [34] | China | MCI | 29/31 | 70.3 ± 6.7/69 ± 7.3 | 51.7/67.7 | >high school 86.2/90.3 |
Lü 2015 [42] | China | MCI | 22/23 | 69 ± 3.83/70.43 ± 5.53 | 72.7/69.6 | 9.8 ± 2.8/9.5 ± 2.6 |
Nishiguchi 2015 [35] | Japan | N | 24 /24 | 73.0 ± 4.8/73.5 ± 5.6 | 73.0 ± 4.8/73.5 ± 5.6 | 12.2 ± 2.2/13.0 ± 2.5 |