Table 4 Summary of Subgroup Analysis Results
Moderator | Grouping standard | n (ES) | Heterogeneity test results | The results of meta-analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 | P | ES,95%CI | P | |||
Measurement of WM testing | Digital Span Forward | 13 | 86.1% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.38(0.24,0.51) | < 0.001 |
Digital Span Backward | 21 | 34.6% | 0.061 | SMD = 0.19(0.09,0.29) | < 0.001 | |
N-back (Accuracy) | 6 | 7.4% | 0.369 | SMD = 0.21(0.002,0.41) | 0.048 | |
N-back (Reaction Time) | 3 | 68.6% | 0.041 | SMD = 0.55(0.14,0.95) | 0.008 | |
Spatial Span | 3 | 0% | 0.735 | SMD = 0.59(0.39,0.80) | < 0.001 | |
Miscellaneous | 5 | 0% | 0.978 | SMD = 0.22(0.01,0.43) | 0.038 | |
Type | MCE | 9 | 0% | 0.639 | SMD = 0.38(0.2,0.56) | < 0.001 |
AE | 13 | 0% | 0.464 | SMD = 0.04(−0.12,0.19) | 0.66 | |
MBE | 17 | 45.6% | 0.21 | SMD = 0.41(0.33,0.5) | < 0.001 | |
RE | 12 | 86.0% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.06(−0.10,0.21) | 0.50 | |
Duration (minutes) | Short (≤45 min) | 8 | 24.6% | 0.233 | SMD = 0.12(0.008,0.24) | 0.037 |
Moderate (45–60 min) | 38 | 40.1% | 0.006 | SMD = 0.37(0.28,0.45) | < 0.001 | |
Long (> 60 min) | 5 | 93.7% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.33(0.06,0.59) | < 0.017 | |
Frequency (week/times) | Low (1–2times) | 21 | 44.9% | 0.014 | SMD = 0.37(0.27,0.48) | < 0.001 |
Moderate (3–4times) | 27 | 69.0% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.25(0.16,0.34) | < 0.001 | |
High (≥5times) | 3 | 90.0% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.06(−0.20,0.32) | 0.628 | |
Intervention period (weeks) | Short (≤12 weeks) | 19 | 75.2% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.24(0.15,0.33) | < 0.001 |
Moderate(12–24 weeks) | 2 | 15.2% | 0.261 | SMD = 0.33(0.23,0.44) | < 0.001 | |
Long (> 24 weeks) | 4 | 85.0% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.33(0.15,0.50) | < 0.001 | |
Intensity | Low | 29 | 54.8% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.32(0.25,0.40) | < 0.001 |
Moderate | 14 | 81.3% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.31(0.16,0.47) | < 0.001 | |
Vigorous | 8 | 0% | 0.577 | SMD = -0.002(−0.20,0.19) | 0.987 | |
Control group | Active | 28 | 70.6% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.22(0.14,0.30) | < 0.001 |
Passive | 23 | 54.9% | 0.001 | SMD = 0.38(0.28,0.48) | < 0.001 | |
Cognitive status | MCI | 17 | 27.5% | 0.141 | SMD = 0.22(0.14,0.30) | < 0.001 |
Normal | 32 | 73.5% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.30(0.23,0.36) | < 0.001 | |
Age | > 76 yrs | 18 | 51.9% | 0.006 | SMD = 0.33(0.24,0.42) | < 0.001 |
≤75 yrs | 33 | 70.7% | < 0.001 | SMD = 0.24(0.14,0.33) | < 0.001 | |