Table 2 Mean (SD) Study outcomes at 12 weeks in GT-intervention and control groups

 Weight (kg)

57.9 (11.8)

57.8 (11.8)

−0.1 (1.1)

56.7 (11.8)

57.0 (11.8)

0.3 (1.4)

0.054

 Body Mass Index (kg/m2)

23.6 (3.8)

23.6 (3.9)

0.0 (0.5)

23.1 (4.3)

23.2

(4.4)

0.1 (0.6)

0.034

 Waist Circumference (cm)

86.3 (11.5)

86.4 (10.7)

0.1 (5.0)

86.1 (11.9)

84.5 (12.0)**

−1.6 (5.7)

0.015

 Systolic BP (mmHg)

130 (16)

129 (16)

−2 (15)

130 (17)

128 (13)

−1 (14)

0.842

 Diastolic BP (mmHg)

76 (10)

75 (9)

−1 (8)

76 (10)

75 (9)

−2 (8)

0.275

 Heart rate (bpm)

73 (11)

74 (13)

1 (9)

74 (11)

76 (11)

2 (8)

0.416

 Hand Grip (kg)

21.3 (6.4)

21.5 (6.3)

0.2 (2.3)

21.3 (6.9)

21.4

(6.3)

0.1 (2.8)

0.616

 Knee Extensor Left (kgf)

52.7 (19.8)

56.6 (22.8)

4.0 (14.1)

54.4 (22.0)

60.9 (22.9)

6.6 (14.4)

0.148

 Knee Extensor Right (kgf)

53.2 (21.8)

56.7 (21.7)*

3.6 (11.7)

53.4 (20.5)

61.6 (22.2)***

8.2 (15.9)

0.010

 Knee Flexion Left (kgf)

27.3 (11.5)

28.9 (12.2)

1.5 (7.3)

27.2 (13.0)

32.4 (13.8)***

5.2 (8.5)

< 0.001

 Knee Flexion Right (kgf)

26.9 (26.5)

28.2 (12.8)

1.2 (9.2)

26.5 (11.9)

33.3 (13.5)***

6.8 (9.2)

< 0.001

 Hip Abduction (kgf)

43.8 (13.3)

44.3 (13.8)

0.5 (7.0)

44.7 (14.0)

49.4 (14.6)***

4.6 (7.0)

< 0.001

 Hip Adduction (kgf)

47.6 (17.2)

49.4 (18.8)

1.8 (8.7)

47.9 (16.4)

54.8 (19.0)***

6.9 (9.6)

< 0.001

 5x Sit-to-stand (s)

13.4 (7.7)

12.9 (9.0)

−0.4 (4.1)

12.6 (5.7)

11.1 (5.3)

−1.2 (3.9)

0.105

 Habitual Gait Speed (m/s)

0.93 (0.34)

1.00 (0.33)

0.06 (0.22)

0.95 (0.29)

1.04 (0.35)

0.10 (0.22)

0.267

 Fast Gait Speed (m/s)

1.35 (0.51)

1.37 (0.48)

0.02 (0.30)

1.31 (0.39)

1.40 (0.48)***

0.11 (0.26)

0.008

 Balance Score

3.46 (1.05)

3.64 (0.79)

0.17 (0.89)

3.53 (0.92)

3.54 (0.99)

0.07 (0.75)

0.252

 SPPB Score

9.7 (3.0)

10.3 (2.6)

0.5 (1.6)

10.1 (2.5)

10.5 (2.7)

0.5 (1.3)

0.861

 Fried Frailty Score

1.52 (1.16)

1.34 (1.08)

−0.16 (0.78)

1.40 (1.07)

0.96 (1.05)***

−0.49 (0.89)

0.004