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Table 2 Characteristics of Included Studies

From: Effects of resistance training in healthy older people with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Study

Sample size

(RTG/CG)

Gender

(n:male /female)

Age#

(RTG/CG)

Sarcopenia diagnostics (Indicator, Cut-points, Source)

Intervention

Control group

Outcome

Mode

Training movement

Intensity

Duration times/week;(total weeks)

Chen et al. [31] (2018)

17/16

0/33

66.7 ± 5.3 /68.3 ± 2.8

ASM/height2 by BIA < 5.7 kg/m2; HGS, < 18 kg, GS < 0.8 m/s (AWGS)

Kettleball

Swing, deadlift, goblet squat, squat lunge, row, single arm row, biceps curl, triceps extension, two-arm military press, Turkish get up, and comprehensive dynamic workout

3sets/8-12reps

60–70%1RM

2(8)

Non-exercise

ASMI SMM BFM

HGS

Cebria Iranzo et al. [32] (2018)

11/17

18/29

82.8 ± 9.1 /81.2 ± 5.4

ASM/BMI by BIA, M: ≤0.93 kg/m2, F:≤0.57 kg/m2; GS, M: 0.95–0.66 m/s; F: 0.08–0.48 m/s (Tyrovolas)

Dumbbell and ankle/wrist weights

Ankle flexion/extension, knee extension, hip flexion/ abduction/adduction, handgrip, wrist flexion/extension, forearm pronation/supination, elbow/ flexion/extension, and shoulder flexion/extension /adduction/abduction

40–60% 1RM

3(12)

Non-exercise

ASMI

HGS

KES

GS

Wei-Hua et al. [33] (2020)

41/30

63/73

70.04 ± 9.86 /68.54 ± 10.62

ASM/height2 by BIA, M: < 7 kg/m2, F: < 5.7 kg/m2; HGS, M: < 26 kg; F: < 18 kg; GS < 0.8 m/s (AWGS)

Weight machine

Knee extension/flexion, chest press, shoulder press, and low back muscle training

30 min

2(24)

Education

ASMI

HGS

GS

Piastra et al. [34] (2018)

35/37

Not listed

69.9 ± 2.7 /70.0 ± 2.8

SMM/height2 by BIA, M: ≤10.75 kg/m2; F: ≤6.75 kg/m2; HGS, M: < 30 kg, F: < 20 kg (EWGSOP-2019)

Weight loads

30 min muscle toning for different muscular districts (primarily abdominal and both lower and upper limbs)

Low/moderate

2(36)

Postural training

SMM

HGS

Vikberg et al. [35] (2019)

36/34

44/47

70.9 ± 0.28 /70.0 ± 0.29

appendicular lean muscle mass/height2 by DXA, M: ≤7.29 kg/m2; F: ≤5.53 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010)

Suspension band and body weight

Squats, calf raises, chair stands, half lunges, biceps rowing, push-ups, and bridge

Week 1:

2set/10reps;

Week 2–4:

3set/10reps;

Week 5–7:

4set/10reps

1(10)

Non

-exercise

BFM LLM

HGS

TUG

Bellomo et al. [36] (2013)

10/10

20/0

Average:

70.9 ± 5.2

muscle mass/height2 by DXA,< 2 std. dev of a young reference population (CDC)

Weight machine

Leg press and extension

Week 1–4:

1set/15reps;

Week 5–8:

3set/12reps;

Week 9–12:

3sets/6-8reps

2(12)

Education

KES

Zhao et al. [37] (2016)

6/6

12/0

65.8 ± 2.48/66 ± 3.12

ASM/height2 by BIA, M: < 7 kg/m2; HGS < 26 kg, GS < 0.8 m/s (AWGS)

Elastic band and body weight

Squat on the bench for lower limbs exercise, resist external loads for upper limbs exercise

60–80%1RM

3 sets

40 min

3(8)

Non-exercise

ASMI

HGS

Huang et al. [38] (2017)

18/17

0/35

68.89 ± 4.91/69.53 ± 5.09

SMM/weight2*100% by BIA < 27.6% (Janssen)

Elastic band

Exercises for training major muscle groups (shoulders, arms, lower limbs, chest, and abdomen)

3 sets/10 reps

3(12)

40-min lesson about exercise

BFM

Chen et al. [39] (2017)

15/15

5/25

68.9 ± 4.4/68.6 ± 3.1

ASM/weight2*100% by BIA, M: ≤32.5%, F: ≤25.7% (Chung)

Weight machine

Shoulder presses, bicep curls, triceps curls, bench presses, deadlifts, leg swings, squats, standing rows, unilateral rows, and split front squats

60–70% 1RM

3 sets/8–12 reps

2(8)

Non-exercise

SMM

BFM

HGS

KES

Liao et al. [40] (2018)

33/23

0/55

66.67 ± 4.54/68.32 ± 6.05

ASM/weight2*100% by BIA, M: ≤32.5%, F: ≤25.7%

(Chung)

Elastic band

Seated chest press, seated row, seated shoulder press, knee extension, knee flexion, hip flexion, and hip extension

3 sets/10 reps

3(12)

Non-exercise

SMM

HGS

KES

GS

TUG

Liao et al. [41] (2017)

25/21

0/46

66.39 ± 4.49/68.42 ± 5.86

SMM/height2 by DXA, F: ≤7.15 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010)

Elastic band

Seated chest press, seated row, seated shoulder press, Concentric–eccentric hip circumduction, leg press, and leg curl

3sets /10 reps

3(12)

Non-exercise

LLM BFM

HGS

KES

GS

TUG

Hamaguchi et al. [42] (2017)

7/8

0/15

60.4 ± 2.7/60.6 ± 2.3

SMM/height2 by DXA < 6.12 kg/m2 (EWGSOP-2010)

Weight loads

Front lunge, side lunge, calf raise, and toe raise

8 sets /3 reps

2(6)

Non-exercise

KES

HGS

Vasconcelos et al. [43] (2016)

14/14

0/28

72 ± 4.6/72 ± 3.6

HGS < 21 kg (Fried)

Elastic band

Knee exercises, hip exercises, and mini-squats

2-3sets/12 reps (40–60%1RM) for knee exercises

2-3sets/12reps (1-3 kg) for hip exercises

2-3sets/10reps (1-3 kg) for mini-squats

2(10)

Non-exercise

KES

GS

Chiu et al. [29] (2018)

24/21

35/35

79.64 ± 7.36/80.15 ± 8.26

SMM/weight*100% by BIA,M: ≤37.15%, F: ≤32.26%%

(Chen)

Sandbag or grip ball

Upper body exercises included training that targeted the biceps, deltoids, grip, and pinch. Lower extremities consisted of leg extension, leg flexion, calf raises, stepping forward and sideward,

3sets/4-10reps

2(12)

Non-exercise

ASMI

HGS

  1. 1RM: one repetition maximum; reps: repetitions; M: male; F: female; LLM: leg lean mass; ASM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass; ASMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; SMM: skeletal muscle mass; SMI:skeletal muscle mass; BFM: body fat mass; HGS: hand grip strength; KES: knee extension strength; GS: gait speed; DXA: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIA: Bioimpedance analysis; AWGS: Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; EWGSOP: European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; *RTG: resistance training group; CG:control group; #Age is presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation