Table 4 Influence of moderator variables in the effect of resistance training on Handgrip strength, Knee extension strength, and Muscle performance

 Age (years)

> 70

3

138

0.91 [−1.21, 3.03]

3.36

52.59

< 0.0001

96

0.84 (0.4)

0.01 (0.94)

≤70

8

335

0.84 [0.53, 1.15]

0.08

11.88

0.1

41

5.28 (< 0.0001)

 Gender

Female

5

195

1.2 [0.88, 1.52]

0.87

28.71

< 0.0001

86

2.82 (0.005)

0.00 (0.95)

Male

1

12

1.23 [−0.05, 2.51]

1.88 (0.06)

 Sarcopenia diagnostics criteria

AWGS

3

116

1.17 [0.77, 1.57]

0.00

1

0.61

0

5.71 (< 0.0001)

3.86 (0.14)

EWGSOP

4

198

0.27 [−0.02, 0.55]

0.49

18.72

0.0003

84

0.81 (0.42)

Other

4

159

0.93[0.58, 1.29]

1.52

36.12

< 0.0001

92

1.76 (0.08)

 Obesity

Yes

4

177

1.32 [0.27, 2.38]

1.03

28.56

< 0.0001

89

2.45 (0.01)

2.11(0.15)

No

7

296

0.41[0.17,0.65]

0.43

29.56

< 0.0001

80

1.52 (0.14)

 Intervention duration (weeks)

> 12

2

143

0.88[0.03, 1.72]

0.31

5.82

< 0.0001

83

2.04(0.04)

0.06(0.8)

≤12

9

330

0.74[0.07, 1.4]

0.86

60.18

< 0.0001

87

2.18 (0.03)

 Frequency (days/week)

≥3

4

142

0.65[0.3, 1]

0.13

5.83

0.12

49

2.42 (0.02)

0.17 (0.68)

<3

7

331

0.62[0.39,0.85]

0.98

62.12

< 0.0001

90

2.09 (0.04)

 Mode

Progressive resistance load training

4

156

0.04[−0.28, 0.36]

0.29

10.54

0.01

72

0.47 (0.64)

4.47 (0.03)

Constant resistance load training

7

317

0.97[0.72,0.82]

0.59

37.1

< 0.0001

84

7.8 (0.0007)

 Intensity(1RM)

>60%

3

75

4.66[2.1, 7.22]

0.00

0.7

0.7

0

3.56 (0.0004)

4.12 (0.04)

≤60%

1

28

-1[−5.82, 3.82]

3.61

0.41 (0.68)

 Age (years)

>70

3

76

2.05[1.16, 2.94]

0.34

4.5

0.11

56

3.92(< 0.0001)

5.58(0.02)

≤70

4

147

0.86[0.43, 1.28]

0.06

4.38

0.22

32

4.51(< 0.0001)

 Gender

Female

4

145

0.96[0.49, 1.43]

0.09

4.91

0.18

39

4.03(< 0.0001)

5.97(0.01)

Male

1

20

2.64[1.38, 3.91]

4.09(< 0.0001)

 Sarcopenia diagnostics criteria

AWGS

1.3(0.25)

EWGSOP

2

61

0.7[−0.54, 1.93]

0.61

4.26

0.04

77

1.11(0.27)

Other

5

162

1.49[0.82, 2.16]

0.38

12.66

0.01

68

4.38(< 0.0001)

 Obesity

Yes

4

160

1.05[0.72, 1.39]

0.00

1.43

0.7

0

6.15(< 0.0001)

0.49(0.49)

No

3

63

1.56[0.94, 2.19]

2.00

14.81

0.0006

86

1.91(0.06)

 Intervention duration (weeks)

>12

Not applicable

≤12

7

223

1.26[0.72, 1.8]

0.34

18.21

0.006

67

4.58(< 0.0001)

 Frequency (days/week)

≥3

3

130

1.44[0.70, 2.18]

0.29

6.45

0.04

69

6.42(0.0001)

0.3(0.58)

<3

4

93

1.11[0.21, 2.01]

0.6

11.03

0.01

73

2.43(0.02)

Mode

Progressive resistance load training

4

106

1.70[0.83, 2.57]

0.55

10.33

0.02

71

6.47(0.0001)

2.5(0.11)

Constant resistance load training

3

117

0.85[0.25,1.45]

0.15

4.27

0.12

53

2.77(0.006)

 Intensity(1RM)

>60%

1

30

5.43[0.55, 10.31]

2.18(0.03)

0.01(0.94)

≤60%

2

56

5.75[−1.39, 9.63]

23.09

6.67

0.010

85

1.58(0.11)

 Age (years)

>70

3

100

−0.21[−1.00, 0.58]

0.35

7.23

0.03

72

0.53(0.06)

1.12(0.29)

≤70

5

275

0.75[−0.84, 2.33]

3.17

126.31

< 0.0001

95

0.92(0.36)

 Gender

Female

5

232

0.18[−1.03, 1.39]

1.80

71.40

< 0.0001

94

0.3(0.77)

Not applicable

Male

 Sarcopenia diagnostics criteria

AWGS

1

71

2.96[2.27, 3.65]

8.44 (< 0.0001)

23.48(91.5)

EWGSOP

3

138

−0.12[−1.9, 1.66]

2.36

45.63

< 0.0001

96

0.13(0.89)

Other

4

166

0.15[−0.97, 1.27]

1.18

33.6

< 0.0001

91

0.26(0.80)

 Obesity

Yes

5

232

0.18[−1.03, 1.39]

1.80

71.4

< 0.0001

94

0.3(0.53)

0.18(0.67)

No

3

143

0.76[−1.63, 3.15]

4.32

69.87

< 0.0001

97

0.62(0.53)

 Intervention duration (weeks)

>12

1

71

2.96[2.27, 3.65]

8.44(< 0.0001))

25.31(< 0.0001)

≤12

7

304

0.03[−0.88, 0.94]

1.4

81.18

< 0.0001

93

0.07(0.95)

 Frequency (days/week)

≥3

5

230

0.21[−1.02, 1.43]

1.85

71.5

< 0.0001

94

0.33(0.74)

0.15(0.70)

<3

3

145

0.72[−1.61, 1.46]

4.12

70.72

< 0.0001

97

0.61(0.54)

 Mode

Progressive resistance load training

3

100

−0.2[−1.00, 0.58]

0.35

7.23

0.03

72

0.53(0.60)

1.12(0.29)

Constant resistance load training

5

275

0.75[−0.84, 2.33]

3.17

126.31

< 0.0001

97

0.92(0.36)

 Intensity(1RM)

>60%

Not applicable

≤60%

2

72

−0.37[−1.53, 0.79]

0.57

5.22

0.02

81

0.63(0.53)