Table 1 Participants characteristics
Variables | Men (n = 40) | Women (n = 60) | Total (n = 100) |
|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric measurements | |||
 Age (years) | 70.5 ± 4.2 | 70.4 ± 5.0 | 70.5 ± 4.6 |
 height (cm) | 172 ± 6.1 | 158 ± 4.5 | 1.63 ± 0.1 |
 Weight (kg) | 94.8 ± 16.4 | 78.3 ± 14.2 | 84.7 ± 17.3 |
 WC (cm) | 113.5 ± 13.7 | 106.6 ± 13.6 | 109.2 ± 14 |
 Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 31.1 ± 5.6 | 31.4 ± 6.1 | 31.6 ± 5.9 |
 Lean body mass leg (kg) | 9.18 ± 1.35 | 6.3 ± 0.87 | 7.35 ± 1.7 |
 Lean body mass arm (kg) | 3.64 ± 0.53 | 2.37 ± 0.46 | 2.84 ± 0.7 |
 ASMI (kg/m2) | 8.55 ± 0.9 | 6.90 ± 0.9 | 7.52 ± 1.2 |
 ASM (kg) | 25.3 ± 3.36 | 17.1 ± 4.9 | 20.36 ± 4.2 |
 Fat mass (%) | 36.4 ± 6.7 | 43.8 ± 5.8 | 40.8 ± 6.2 |
Strength and functional measurements | |||
 KES (kg) | 37.58 ± 8.0 | 24.0 ± 5.6 | 29.2 ± 9.4 |
 KES/weight (kg/kg) | 0.39 ± 0.07 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.34 ± 0.1 |
 HGS (kg) | 40.06 ± 6.83 | 24.97 ± 4.3 | 31 ± 9.2 |
 HGS/weight (kg/kg) | 0.44 ± 0.1 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.1 |
Clinical Data | |||
 Obesity: BMI > 30 (%) | 65.0 | 55.0 | 59 |
 Obesity: WC > 102 cm men (%) > 88 cm women (%) | 87.5 | 96.6 | 93 |
 Obesity: >  1 SD than mean reference values of % fat (%) 1 | 77.5 | 65 | 70 |
 Diabetes duration (years) | 12.3 ± 10.1 | 13.7 ± 8.8 | 13.37 ± 9.4 |
 Diabetes> 10 years (%) | 58.7 | 67.8 | 64 |
 HbA1c (%) | 7.63 ± 1.3 | 7.34 ± 0.9 | 7.46 ± 1.14 |
 Neuropathy (%) | 12.5 | 17.0 | 15.2 |
 Nephropathy (%) | 15.0 | 6.8 | 10.1 |
 Retinopathy (%) | 7.7 | 8.8 | 8.3 |
 IHD (%) | 10.6 | 5.3 | 7.4 |
 CHF (%) | 5.2 | – | 2 |
 Hypertension (%) | 56.5 | 54.3 | 55.2 |
 Statin use (%) | 64.1 | 52.6 | 57.1 |
 Polypharmacy (> 8 med’s) | 25 | 30 | 28 |
 Low vitamin D < 25 ng/mL (%) | 43.3 | 43.6 | 43.4 |
Physical performance | |||
 Gait speed (m/s’) | 1.09 ± 0.2 | 1.08 ± 0.18 | 1.08 ± 0.19 |
 Timed up & go (s’) | 10.6 ± 1.7 | 10.87 ± 2.16 | 10.76 ± 2.0 |
 Chair stands 30 s’ | 11.28 ± 1.8 | 10.6 ± 2.9 | 10.99 ± 2.35 |
 2 Min’ walk Test (m’) | 172 ± 25.9 | 158.37 ± 23.65 | 163.7 ± 25.3 |