Table 2 Sample characteristics according to 3-year cognitive decline (N = 1028)
Variables | Cognitive decline | Â | |
|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 85/1028) | No (n = 943/1028) | p-value | |
BMI categories, baseline | |||
 Underweight | 3 (25.0) | 9 (75.0) | 0.03 |
 Normal weight | 33 (10.4) | 285 (86.6) |  |
 Overweight | 26 (6.1) | 398 (93.9) | |
 Obesity | 23 (8.4) | 251 (91.6) | |
Sociodemographic factors | |||
 Age, years, mean (SD) | 76.83 (5.97) | 72.51 (5.77) | 0.09 |
 Sex, n (%) | |||
  Male | 33 (7.2) | 424 (92.8) | 0.27 |
  Female | 52 (9.1) | 519 (90.9) |  |
 Education, n (%) | |||
  Primary | 28 (13.9) | 174 (86.1) | 0.01 |
  Secondary/Post-secondary/University | 57 (6.9) | 769 (93.1) |  |
 Annual household income, n (%) | |||
  0–25,000 | 28 (8.6) | 298 (91.4) | 0.80 |
   ≥ 25,000 | 57 (8.1) | 645 (91.9) |  |
 Marital status, n (%) | |||
  Married/marital life | 52 (7.8) | 617 (92.2) | 0.43 |
  Single/widowed/separated/divorced | 33 (9.2) | 326 (90.8) |  |
Lifestyle factors | |||
 Physical activity, n (%) | |||
  Low: < 140 min of moderate/vigourous activity / week | 64 (8.4) | 698 (91.6) | 0.80 |
  High: ≥ 140 min of moderate/vigourous activity / week | 21 (7.9) | 245 (92.1) |  |
 Current dieting, n (%) | |||
  Yes | 5 (5.5) | 86 (94.5) | 0.31 |
  No | 80 (8.5) | 857 (91.5) |  |
 Current smoking, n (%) | |||
  Yes | 7 (10.0) | 63 (90.0) | 0.59 |
  No | 78 (8.1) | 880 (91.9) |  |
 Alcohol use, past 6 months, n (%) | |||
  Yes | 49 (6.3) | 727 (93.7) | 0.01 |
  No | 36 (14.3) | 216 (85.7) |  |
 Social support, 1–3, mean (SD) | 2.78 (0.52) | 2.84 (0.48) | 0.23 |
Physical health | |||
 # Physical disorders, mean (SD) | 4.27 (2.53) | 3.61 (2.20) | 0.01 |
 Functional status, n (%) | |||
  Low | 36 (19.5) | 149 (80.5) | 0.01 |
  High | 49 (5.8) | 794 (94.2) |  |
 Diabetes, n (%) | |||
  Yes | 36 (13.5) | 231 (86.5) | 0.01 |
  No | 49 (6.4) | 712 (93.6) |  |
 Hypertension, n (%) | |||
  Yes | 61 (8.8) | 630 (91.2) | 0.35 |
  No | 24 (7.1) | 313 (92.9) |  |
 Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | |||
  Yes | 38 (8.5) | 411 (91.5) | 0.84 |
  No | 47 (8.1) | 532 (91.9) |  |
 Metabolic disorders, n (%) | |||
  Yes | 73 (8.9) | 748 (91.1) | 0.15 |
  No | 12 (5.8) | 195 (94.2) |  |
 Cardiovascular disorders, n (%) | |||
  Yes | 39 (10.1) | 348 (89.9) | 0.10 |
  No | 46 (7.2) | 595 (92.8) |  |
Mental health | |||
 Psychological distress (K10), 10–50, mean (SD) | 20.77 (7.71) | 17.41 (5.96) | 0.01 |
 Anxio-depressive disorders, n (%) | |||
  Yes | 34 (9.6) | 321 (90.4) | 0.27 |
  No | 51 (7.6) | 622 (92.4) |  |