Table 1 Acute resistance exercise with BFR in older adults
Article | Subject characteristics | Exercise protocol | BFR method | Side effects | Research outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[92] | 14♀, (45 ± 9.9 yo) Hypertensive & sedentary | 30% 1RM, bilateral knee extension 3 × 15 reps 45 sec rest between sets | 80% of arterial pressure occlusion | Not mentioned | SBP up to 60 min post-exercise 13.2% ↓ HR ↔ DBP ↔ |
[28] | 7♂, (70 ± 2 yo) Healthy, nonclinical Physically active but no structured training | 20% 1RM, bilateral knee extension 30, 15,15, 15 reps 30 sec rest between sets | 200 mmHg | Reported discomfort comparable to high-intensity resistance exercise. No side effects reported up to 1-week post-exercise | Leg circumference 52% ↑ Blood markers Blood lactate 175% ↑ 15 min post-exercise, back to baseline 60 min post-exercise. Cortisol ~ 1100% ↑ post-exercise, back to baseline 3 hr. post-exercise GH ~ 400% ↑ 15 min post-exercise, back to baseline 45 min post-exercise IL-6 ↔ IGF-I ↔ D-dimer ↔ Blood glucose ↔ Intramuscular Muscle protein synthesis ~ 50% ↑ mTOR Ser2448 ~ 30% ↑ 3 hr. post-exercise S6K1 Thr389 ~ 300% ↑ 3 hr. post-exercise S6 Ser235/235 ~ 1000% ↑ & 1800% ↑, 1 & 3 hr. post-exercise S6 Ser 240/244 ~ 500% ↑ 3 hr. post-exercise MnK1 Thr197/202 ~ 200% ↑ 1 hr. post-exercise AKT Thr308 ~ 72% ↑ 3 hr. post-exercise 4E-BP1, eEF2, eIF2Bε ↔ REDD1 gene expression 41% ↓ 3 hr. post-exercise REDD2 gene expression 42% ↓ 3 hr. post-exercise REDD1 protein ↔ AMPKα Thr172 ↔ HSP70 ↔ FAK Tyr576/577 ↔ FOXO3a Ser253 ↔ |
[38] | 7♂, (71.0 ± 6.5 yo) Healthy, nonclinical Performs regular aerobic exercise, but not resistance exercise | 20% 1RM, unilateral knee extension 5 sets (30, 9, 6, 5, 4 reps) 30 sec rest between sets | ~ 110 mmHg | Not mentioned | GH ~ 220% ↑ 30 min post-exercise Vascular endothelial growth factor ~ 250% ↑ up to 2 hour post-exercise IL-6 ~ 15% ↑ 1- & 2-hour post-exercise Cortisol ↔ IGF-1 ↔ |
[42] | 18♀, (67.0 ± 1.7 yo) Hypertensive & sedentary | 20% 1RM, bilateral knee extension 3 × 10 reps 1 min rest between sets | 80% of arterial pressure occlusion | Not mentioned | During exercise SBP ~ 60.0% ↑ DBP ~ 62.6% ↑ HR ~ 22.1% ↑ SVR ~ 66.5% ↑ SV ↔ CO ↔ Post-exercise SBP ~ 2.2% ↓ DBP ~ 2.4% ↓ HR ~ 8.1% ↓ SVR ↔ SV ~ 30.7% ↓ CO ~ 27.9% ↓ Lactate ~ 28.6% ↑ |
[101] | 12♀, (57 ± 7 yo) Hypertensive & sedentary | 20% 1RM, leg press 3 × 15 reps 30 sec rest between sets | 100% of arterial pressure occlusion | Not mentioned | During exercise SBP ~ 62.2% ↑ DBP ~ 69.6% ↑ HR ~ 58.3% ↑ CO ~ 20% ↑ SVR only in 2nd & 3rd set ~ 42.0% ↑ During rest intervals SBP ~ 35.9% ↑ DBP ~ 15.1% ↑ HR ~ 14.5% ↑ CO ~ 17.8% ↓ SVR ~ 54.6% ↑ |
[43] | 13♂, (70 ± 5 yo) Healthy, nonclinical & sedentary | 20% 1RM, leg press 30, 15, 15, 15 reps 1 min rest between sets 2 sec concentric, 2 sec eccentric | 60% of arterial pressure occlusion | Not mentioned | Leg press trial MAP & SBP ↑ Lactate ↑ *BFR and non-BFR trial performed on same day with 20–40 min rest between exercises. |