Table 1 Participants’ characteristics at baseline
|  | Total participants (n = 57) | Intervention group (n = 28) | Control group (n = 29) | Unpaired t test or chi-squarep value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean |  ±  | SD | Mean |  ±  | SD | Mean |  ±  | SD | ||
Age, years | 73.6 |  ±  | 6.1 | 72.9 |  ±  | 5.6 | 74.4 |  ±  | 6.5 | 0.348 |
 Female, n (%) | 39 | (68.4) | 19 | (67.9) | 20 | (69.0) | 0.928 | |||
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.8 |  ±  | 3.6 | 23.1 |  ±  | 3.1 | 22.5 |  ±  | 4.0 | 0.503 |
 Smoking habit, n (%) | 1 | (1.8) | 1 | (3.6) | 0 |  | 0.305 | |||
 Alcohol consumption (drinker), n (%) | 20 | (35.1) | 12 | (42.9) | 8 | (27.6) | 0.227 | |||
 Educational level, years | 14.1 |  ±  | 2.8 | 13.9 |  ±  | 2.3 | 14.6 |  ±  | 2.0 | 0.203 |
 PASE score, points | 125.9 |  ±  | 67.7 | 141.9 |  ±  | 85.8 | 110.5 |  ±  | 39.6 | 0.085 |
 MMSE score, points | 29.6 |  ±  | 0.7 | 29.6 |  ±  | 0.7 | 29.6 |  ±  | 0.7 | 0.801 |
Medical history | ||||||||||
 None, n (%) | 26 | (45.6) | 14 | (50) | 12 | (41.4) | 0.514 | |||
 Hypertension, n (%) | 16 | (23.5) | 9 | (32.1) | 7 | (24.1) | 0.501 | |||
 Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 10 | (17.5) | 5 | (17.9) | 5 | (17.9) | 0.951 | |||
 Diabetes, n (%) | 5 | (8.8) | 2 | (7.1) | 3 | (10.3) | 0.669 | |||
LSNS score, points | 16.8 |  ±  | 5.4 | 17.2 |  ±  | 6.0 | 16.3 |  ±  | 4.7 | 0.563 |
Social isolation (< 12 points), n (%) | 10 | (17.5) | 5 | (17.9) | 5 | (17.2) | 0.951 | |||
PSQI score, points | 5.0 |  ±  | 2.4 | 4.9 |  ±  | 2.6 | 5.1 |  ±  | 2.3 | 0.829 |
Poor sleeper (> 5.5 points), n (%) | 21 | (36.8) | 9 | (32.1) | 12 | (41.4) | 0.470 | |||
GDS score, points | 3.6 |  ±  | 2.6 | 3.7 |  ±  | 2.5 | 3.5 |  ±  | 2.6 | 0.814 |
Depression (> 5 points), n (%) | 18 | (31.6) | 9 | (32.1) | 9 | (31.0) | 0.928 | |||