Table 2 Change in executive function, cognitive function, and manual dexterity during the intervention period
|  |  | Intervention group (n = 28) | Control group (n = 29) | Interaction p | Group effect p | Time effect p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Mean |  ±  | SD | Effect size Cohen's d | Mean |  ±  | SD | Effect size Cohen's d | ||||
Stroop Color and Word Test, ms | ||||||||||||
 Neutral task | Pre | 1176.7 |  ±  | 153.7 | 0.22 | 1192.0 |  ±  | 168.6 | 0.13 | 0.630 | 0.596 | 0.067 |
Post | 1138.6 |  ±  | 192.6 | 1169.6 |  ±  | 176.4 | ||||||
 Congruent task | Pre | 1199.9 |  ±  | 138.2 | 0.16 | 1247.7 |  ±  | 169.2 | 0.33 | 0.229 | 0.360 | 0.031 |
Post | 1175.6 |  ±  | 159.2 | 1191.9 |  ±  | 168.0 | ||||||
 Incongruent task | Pre | 1368.9 |  ±  | 169.8 | 0.46 | 1350.1 |  ±  | 155.2 | 0.19 | 0.349 | 0.418 | 0.020 |
Post | 1284.6 |  ±  | 196.6 | 1321.9 |  ±  | 136.5 | ||||||
 Stroop interference task | Pre | 169.0 |  ±  | 109.2 | 0.55 | 102.4 |  ±  | 138.6 | -0.19 | 0.025 | 0.395 | 0.395 |
Post | 108.9 |  ±  | 110.9* | 129.9 |  ±  | 155.2 | ||||||
Cognitive Impairment Test, points | Â | Â | Â | |||||||||
 Orientation to time | Pre | 14.6 |  ±  | 0.9 | 0.45 | 14.8 |  ±  | 0.4 | 0.28 | 0.224 | 0.387 | 0.123 |
Post | 14.9 |  ±  | 0.3 | 14.9 |  ±  | 0.3 | ||||||
 Free and cued recall | Pre | 24.4 |  ±  | 5.4 | 0.26 | 24.9 |  ±  | 5.4 | 0.11 | 0.393 | 0.910 | 0.034 |
Post | 25.8 |  ±  | 5.3 | 25.5 |  ±  | 5.2 | ||||||
 Clock drawing | Pre | 6.9 |  ±  | 0.3 |  < 0.01 | 6.8 |  ±  | 0.5 |  < 0.01 | 0.423 | 0.739 | 0.989 |
Post | 6.9 |  ±  | 0.4 | 6.8 |  ±  | 0.4 | ||||||
 Total score | Pre | 84.6 |  ±  | 11.1 | 0.27 | 85.7 |  ±  | 11.1 | 0.12 | 0.379 | 0.908 | 0.024 |
Post | 87.5 |  ±  | 10.7 | 87.0 |  ±  | 10.2 | ||||||
Purdue Pegboard Test, count | Â | Â | Â | |||||||||
 Right hand task | Pre | 12.4 |  ±  | 1.9 | 0.32 | 12.0 |  ±  | 2.1 | 0.22 | 0.746 | 0.390 | 0.006 |
Post | 13.0 |  ±  | 1.9 | 12.5 |  ±  | 2.4 | ||||||
 Left hand task | Pre | 12.5 |  ±  | 1.4 | 0.36 | 11.8 |  ±  | 1.9 | 0.25 | 0.966 | 0.087 | 0.018 |
Post | 13.0 |  ±  | 1.4 | 12.3 |  ±  | 2.1 | ||||||
 Both hand task | Pre | 9.6 |  ±  | 1.4 | 0.57 | 9.5 |  ±  | 1.9 | 0.36 | 0.944 | 0.515 |  < 0.001 |
Post | 10.4 |  ±  | 1.4 | 10.1 |  ±  | 1.4 | ||||||
 Sum of right-, left-, and both hand task | Pre | 34.6 |  ±  | 3.9 | 0.48 | 33.3 |  ±  | 5.3 | 0.30 | 0.823 | 0.233 |  < 0.001 |
Post | 36.4 |  ±  | 3.6 | 34.9 |  ±  | 5.4 | ||||||
 Assembly task | Pre | 22.5 |  ±  | 3.9 | 0.81 | 22.8 |  ±  | 5.1 | 0.17 | 0.006 | 0.332 |  < 0.001 |
Post | 26.4 |  ±  | 5.6* | 23.7 |  ±  | 5.7 | ||||||