Table 2 Summary of relevant studies (N = 22)
Authors (Year) | Country | Research question | Study Design | Measures | Discipline and context | Sample | Definition of the term long lie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adams & Tyson (2000) [25] | UK | How effective is the backward chaining approach in teaching and enabling an older adult with a history of falls to get up from the floor? | Quantitative | Case description with a two-standard deviation band method | Physiotherapy Outpatient | Person affected by a long lie (14 h) n = 1 | Persons are unable to get up from the floor on their own |
Baraff et al. (1999) [26] | USA | How does a practice guideline affect the care of older adults who have fallen in the emergency department? | Quantitative | Pre-post intervention study | Emergency medicine Inpatient | Person affected by a long lie (≥ 5 min) pre n = 143 post n = 11 | Persons are unable to get up from the floor on their own and lie for more than 5 min |
Bisson et al. (2015) [27] | USA | What is the prevalence of initial recovery and long lie in fallen persons with multiple sclerosis? | Quantitative | Secondary analysis from a cross-sectional descriptive study | Rehabilitation medicine Outpatient | Persons affected by a delayed initial recovery n = 89 Persons affected by a long lie (≥ 1 h) n = 15 | Persons are remaining on the floor or ground for more than 1 h |
Erhard, D. (2022) [22] | GER | How are older adults treated if they have not been seen for several days? | Unclear | Case description | Emergency medicine Outpatient | Persons affected by a long lie (4d) n = 2 | Persons are remaining on the floor or ground for a longer time |
Fleming et al. (2008) [28] | UK | What is the prevalence of lying on the floor for a long time in fallen and the oldest old adults? | Quantitative | Prospective cohort study | Nursing Outpatient | Persons affected by lying on the floor (< 1 h) n = 85 Persons affected by a long lie (≥ 1 h) n = 20 | Persons are unable to get up from the floor on their own and lie for more than 1 h |
Fischer (2019) [24] | CH | What are the characteristics of a long lie? | Qualitative | Interviews | Emergency medicine Inpatient | Experts in the treatment of long lies n = 4 | Special form of trauma in which persons are unable to get up and lie on hard ground for a longer period |
Gräff et al. (2018) [29] | GER | How are patients treated with social breakdown? | Quantitative | Monocentric retrospective observation study | Emergency medicine Inpatient | Persons affected by a long lie (≥ 1d) n = 17 | Persons are unable to move on their own; this could affect the upper and lower extremities |
Gurley et al. (1996) [30] | USA | What is the prevalence of older adults found helpless or dead in their homes and what is the impact on their health? | Quantitative | Prospective cohort study | Public health Inpatient and outpatient | Persons affected by a long lie and found alive n = 297 Persons affected by a long lie and found dead n = 90 | No definition |
Häcker & Offterdinger (2019) [31] | GER | How is a long lie related to a cardiac arrest? | Unclear | Case description | Emergency medicine Inpatient | Person affected by a long lie (5d) n = 1 | Persons are unable to move on their own and lie in a helpless position for a longer period |
Hayes et al. (2003) [32] | USA | How are older adults treated with a hip fracture? | Unclear | Case description | Rehabilitation Medicine Inpatient | Person affected by a long lie (20 h) n = 1 | Persons are unable to move on their own and lie on the floor for a longer period |
Hierholzer et al. (2011) [33] | GER | What complications can be expected with a long lie? | Unclear | Case description | Emergency medicine Inpatient | Person affected by a long lie (1d) n = 1 | Persons are unable to move on their own and lie on hard ground for a longer period |
Hüser et al (2022) [21] | GER | Which factors influence morbidity and mortality in patients with a long lie? | Quantitative | Monocentric retrospective observation study | Emergency medicine Inpatient | Persons affected by a long lie (≥ 7 h) n = 50 | People are unable to get help |
Kubitza & Reuschenbach (2021) [34] | GER | What are the characteristics of a long lie? | Qualitative | Grounded theory and conceptual analysis with narrative interviews | Nursing Inpatient and outpatient | Persons affected by a long lie (≥ 1 h) n = 4 | Suddenly restricted mobility in an unwanted situation of lying or sitting on a deeper level for several hours to days |
Reece & Simpson (1996) [35] | UK | How do the backward and forward chaining approaches differ in terms of acceptance and learning success for older adults who have fallen? | Quantitative | Descriptive experimental study | Physiotherapy Inpatient | Persons affected by lying on the floor n = 18 | Persons are unable to get up from the floor on their own and lie for a longer period |
Ryyänen et al. (1992) [36] | FI | What are the characteristics of older adults who fall and lay in position for 15 min or more? | Quantitative | Case control study | Public Health Inpatient and outpatient | Persons affected by lying on the floor (< 15 min) n = 57 Persons affected by lying on the floor (< 1 h) n = 33 Persons affected by lying on the floor (≥ 1 h) n = 33 | People lie for more than 15 min |
Schwickert et al. (2018) [23] | GER | How do self-recovered falls differ from non-recovered falls with long lies? | Quantitative | Prospective observation study | Geriatric medicine Inpatient and outpatient | Persons affected by a fall n = 27 | Persons are remaining on the floor or ground for more than 10 min |
Scott (2020) [37] | UK | What are the characteristics of older service users who have fallen and been referred to a falls prevention service by paramedics? | Quantitative | Retrospective cross-sectional cohort study | Public health Outpatient | Persons affected by a long lie (≥ 1 h) n = 23 | Persons are remaining on the floor or ground for more than 1 h |
Simpson et al. (2014) [38] | AUS | What are the characteristics of older adults who fall and call an emergency ambulance? | Quantitative | Prospective cohort study | Public health Outpatient | Persons affected by lying on the floor (< 1 h) n = 849 Persons affected by a long lie (≥ 1 h) n = 202 | Persons are remaining on the floor or ground for more than 1 h |
Tinetti et al. (1993) [39] | USA | What are the characteristics and prognosis of older adults with inability to get up after falling? | Quantitative | Longitudinal prospective cohort study | Public health Inpatient and outpatient | Persons affected by lying on the floor n = 148 | Persons are unable to get up from the floor on their own |
Tischler & Hobsen (2005) [40] | USA | Which consequences do older adults fear if they fall? | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | Rehabilitation medicine Outpatient | Persons with fear of falling n = 7 | Persons are unable to get up from the floor on their own or get help in a reasonable time |
Vellas et al (1987) [41] | FR | How does a fall affect activity in older adults? | Quantitative | Prospective case control study | Public health Outpatient | Persons affected by lying on the floor (< 1 h) n = 71 Persons affected by a long lie (≥ 1 h) n = 6 | No definition |
Wild et al (1981) [20] | UK | How dangerous are falls in older adults at home? | Quantitative | Longitudinal prospective cohort study | Geriatric medicine Outpatient | Persons affected by a long lie (≥ 1 h) n = 20 | Persons are remaining on the floor or ground for more than 1 h |