Table 3 Causes and consequences of long lie according to bio-psycho-social domains

Biological

Fall with frailty [21,22,23, 27,28,29, 31, 33,34,35,36, 38, 39]

Acute or chronic injuries and trauma [20, 22, 24, 27, 34, 39]

Intoxication [20, 22, 27]

Hypothermia, Infections, Exsiccosis, Injuries, Pathological laboratory parameters [20,21,22, 24,25,26,27, 29, 34, 36, 40]

Restricted mobility [31, 34, 40]

Psychological

Suicide attempts [27]

Fear of falling [30, 31, 35]

Social

Alone most of the day [27, 34]

Inactive social relationships to social withdrawal [24, 26, 27]

Dependence on others [31, 34, 40]

Move to a long-term care facility [27, 36]