Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of included studies
Study and Year | Age (years) | M/F | Intervention | Intervention type | Intensity of resistance exercise | Comparison Group | Duration | Sarcopenia Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alemán-Mateo et al. (2012) [34] | 76 ± 5.4 | 17/23 | Dietary protein supplement | Nutrition | – | Habitual diet and exercise | 3 months | Muscle mass, handgrip strength |
Bellomo et al. (2013) [35] | 70.9 ± 5.2 | 40/0 | Global sensorimotor training, resistance training, focused vibrational therapy | RT | Vigorous | Usual daily habits concerning diet, social relations and physical activity | 12 weeks | Maximal force contraction of the lower limbs; static and dynamic balance confidence |
Papanicolaou et al. (2013) [36] | 75.9 ± 6.9 | 0/170 | Selective androgen receptor modulator (MK-0773) with protein and vitamin D supplement | Drug | – | Placebo tablet with protein and vitamin D supplement | 6 months | Gait speed, SPPB, muscle mass |
Liu et al. (2014) [37] | 77.5 ± 4.2 | 8/25 | Mixed aerobic, strength, balance, and flexibility training | AT, RT | Moderate | Health education | 12–18 months | Gait speed, SPPB, sarcopenia status |
Bauer et al. (2015) [38] | Intervention: 77.3 ± 6.7 Control: 78.1 ± 7.0 | 131/249 | Whey protein and vitamin D supplement | Nutrition | – | Iso-caloric control product without protein | 13 weeks | Muscle mass, handgrip strength, gait speed, SPPB, chair-stand test |
Zdzieblik et al. (2015) [39] | 72.2 ± 4.68 | 53/0 | Collagen protein supplement and resistance exercise | Nutrition, RT | Vigorous | Placebo supplement and resistance exercise | 3 months | Muscle mass, muscle strength |
Cramer et al. (2016) [40] | 77 (71, 81)a | 125/205 | Oral nutritional supplement with 20 g protein | Nutrition | – | Oral nutritional supplement with 14 g protein | 6 months | Leg strength, body weight, muscle mass, handgrip strength, gait speed |
Kemmler et al. (2016) [41] | Electromyostimulation: 77.3 ± 4.9 Electromyostimulationand protein: 76.4 ± 2.9 Control: 77.4 ± 4.9 | 0/75 | Whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplement | Electromyo-stimulation, nutrition | – | No treatment | 26 weeks | ASMI, gait speed, grip strength |
Kim et al. (2016) [42] | Exercise and Nutrition: 80.9 ± 4.2 Exercise: 81.4 ± 4.3 Nutrition: 81.2 ± 4.9 Control: 81.1 ± 5.1 | 0/139 | Amino acid supplement, tea, and mixed aerobic and resistance exercises | Nutrition, AT, RT | Mild | Health education | 3 months | Muscle mass, knee extension strength, handgrip strength, walking speed |
Maltais et al. (2016) [43] | Control: 64 ± 4.5 EAA supplements: 64 ± 7.8 EAA milk: 68 ± 5.6 | 26/0 | Protein supplement and resistance exercise | Nutrition, RT | Vigorous | Placebo oral supplement and resistance exercise | 4 months | Muscle mass, muscle strength, TUG, chair stand test |
Maltais et al. (2016) [44] | 65 ± 5 | 26/0 | Protein supplement and resistance exercise | Nutrition, RT | Vigorous | Placebo oral supplement and resistance exercise | 4 months | Body composition |
Maruya et al. (2016) [45] | Intervention group: 69.2 ± 5.6 Control group: 68.5 ± 6.2 | 23/29 | A 6-month home exercise programs, combining walking with lower limb resistance exercises | AT, RT | Mild | Usual care | 6 months | Body mass index, skeletal mass index, body fat percentage, handgrip strength, single-leg standing, walking speed (comfortable and maximal), and knee extension strength, quality of life (EQ-5D) |
Rondanelli et al. (2016) [46] | Dietary supplement group: 80.77 ± 6.29 Placebo group: 80.21 ± 8.54 | 53/77 | Nutritional supplementation with whey protein (22 g), essential amino acids (10.9 g, including 4 g leucine), and vitamin D [2.5 m g (100 IU)] concurrent with physical activity (RT + balance and gait training) | Nutrition, RT | Moderate | Physical activity (RT + balance and gait training) | 12 weeks | Body composition, muscle strength, blood biochemical indexes of nutritional and health status, and global nutritional status, physical function, quality of life (SF-36) |
Vasconcelos et al. (2016) [47] | Exercise: 72 ± 4.6 No exercise: 72 ± 3.6 | 0/28 | Resistance exercise | RT | Moderate to vigorous | No exercise intervention | 10 weeks | Knee extensor strength, SPPB, gait speed, quality of life (SF-36) |
Chen et al. (2017) [48] | Aerobic: 68.9 ± 4.4 Resistance: 69.3 ± 3.0 Combination: 68.5 ± 2.7 Control: 68.6 ± 3.1 | 10/50 | Aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, or combined aerobic and resistance exercise | AT, RT | Moderate | No exercise intervention | 2 months | Body composition, handgrip strength, knee extensor strength |
Huang et al. (2017) [49] | Exercise: 68.89 ± 4.91 Control: 69.53 ± 5.09 | 0/35 | Resistance exercise | RT | Moderate | Health education | 3 months | Body composition |
Kemmler et al. (2017) [50] | Electromyostimulation and protein: 77.1 ± 4.3 Protein: 78.1 ± 5.1 Control: 76.9 ± 5.1 | 100/0 | Whole-body electromyostimulation and protein | Electromyo-stimulation, nutrition | – | No treatment | 4 months | Body composition, ASM/BMI, handgrip strength |
Liao et al. (2017) [51] | CG: 68.42 ± 5.86 EG: 66.39 ± 4.49 | 0/46 | Elastic band resistance training | RT | Moderate | – | 3 months | Fat-free mass, leg lean mass, absolute total fat mass, and body fat %, handgrip strength, muscle quality, single-leg stance, gait speed, TUG, and timed chair rise |
Park et al. (2017) [52] | 74.1 ± 6.1 | 0/50 | Mixed aerobic and resistance exercise | AT, RT | Moderate to vigorous | Health education | 6 months | ASM/weight, handgrip strength, 30-s chair stand test, maximum walking speed |
Sammarco et al. (2017) [53] | 55.0 ± 9.6 | 0/18 | Low-calorie high-protein diet (1.2–1.4 g/kg body weight reference/ day obtained with the addition of 15 g daily of protein supplement) | Nutrition | – | Low-calorie diet plus placebo | 4 months | Anthropometric measurements, body composition, resting energy expenditure, handgrip test, SPPB, quality of life (SF-36) |
Wei et al. (2017) [54] | Low-frequency group: 78 ± 4 Medium- frequency group:75 ± 6 High-frequency group:74 ± 5 Control group:76 ± 6 | 24/56 | Whole-body vibration (WBV) training | Vibration training | – | No training | Mid-intervention (week 6), post-intervention (week 12), mid-follow up (week18) and follow-up (week 24) | Muscle size, isometric and isokinetic knee extension strength measurements |
Wei et al. (2017) [55] | Low-frequency group: 78 ± 4, medium- frequency group:75 ± 6, high-frequency group:74 ± 5, control group:76 ± 6 | 24/56 | Whole-body vibration (WBV) training | Vibration training | – | No training | Mid-intervention (week6), post-intervention (week 12), mid-follow up (week18) and follow up (week24) | Five-repetition sit-to-stand, 10-m walking test with self-preferred speed and TUG |
Berens et al. (2018) [56] | 77.5 ± 5.4 | 80/69 | Mixed aerobic and resistance activity program with protein and vitamin D nutritional supplement | Nutrition, AT, RT | Moderate | Physical activity program only | 6 months | 400 m walk capacity, quality of life (SF-36) |
Chen et al. (2018) [57] | Exercise: 66.7 ± 5.3 No exercise: 68.3 ± 2.8 | 0/33 | Kettleball resistance exercises | RT | Moderate to vigorous | No exercise intervention | 2 months | Body composition, ASM, handgrip strength |
Kemmler et al. (2017) [58] | Electromyostimulation and protein: 77.1 ± 4.3 Control: 76.9 ± 5.1 | 67/0 | Whole-body electromyostimulation and protein | Electromyo-stimulation, nutrition | – | No treatment | 4 months | Body composition, leg extension strength, gait speed |
Liao et al. (2018) [59] | 67.3 ± 5.1 | 0/56 | Resistance exercise | RT | Moderate | – | 3 months | Body composition, ASMI, handgrip strength, gait speed, TUG, 30-s chair stand test, SF-36 (physical functioning and physical component summary) |
Piastra et al. (2018) [60] | Reinforcement training: 69.9 ± 2.7 Postural training: 70.0 ± 2.8 | 0/66 | Muscle reinforcement training | RT | Mild to moderate | Postural training | 9 months | Body composition, muscle mass, SMI, and handgrip strength |
Tsekoura et al. (2018) [61] | 72.87 ± 7.02 | 7/47 | Muscle strengthening and balance exercises | RT | Moderate | Health education | 3 months | Body composition, ASMI, handgrip strength, leg extension strength, quality of life (sarcopenia and Quality Of Life [SarQoL]) |
Zhou et al. (2018) [62] | Amino acid supplement: 68.80 ± 5.08 Electrical acupuncture and amino acid supplement: 70.35 ± 5.36 | 48/0 | Essential amino acid supplementation with electrical acupuncture | Nutrition, acupuncture | – | Amino acid supplementation alone | 3 months | Body composition, ASMI |
Amasene et al. (2019) [63] | Exercise: 81.7 ± 6.45 Exercise and protein: 82.9 ± 5.59 | 14/28 | Resistance exercise with protein supplement | Nutrition, RT | Moderate to vigorous | Resistance exercise with placebo supplement | 3 months | Body composition, SPPB, handgrip strength |
Bo et al. (2019) [64] | Protein supplement: 73.23 ± 6.52 Control: 74.83 ± 5.94 | 27/33 | Protein, vitamin D, and vitamin E supplement | Nutrition | – | Iso-caloric control product without protein or vitamin D and E supplement | 6 months | Muscle mass, handgrip strength, gait speed, chair stand test, TUG |
Mafi et al. (2019) [65] | 68.63 ± 2.86 | 62/0 | Resistance exercise, epicatechin | Nutrition, RT | Moderate to vigorous | Placebo capsules and no exercise | 2 months | ASMI, leg extension strength, TUG |
Nabuco et al. (2019) [66] | Protein: 68.0 ± 4.2 Placebo: 70.1 ± 3.9 | 0/26 | Whey protein and resistance exercise | Nutrition, RT | Moderate | Resistance exercise | 3 months | Body composition, gait speed, 5 time chair stand, leg strength |
Vikberg et al. (2019) [67] | 70.9 ± 0.03 | 32/38 | Resistance training | RT | Moderate to vigorous | No exercise intervention | 10 weeks | Body composition, SPPB, TUG, chair sit-stand time |
Yamada et al. (2019) [68] | 84.2 ± 5.5 | 39/73 | The combined resistance exercise and nutritional supplementation group, the exercise alone group, the nutritional supplementation alone group | Nutrition, AT, RT | Mild | Usual care | 12 weeks | Measurement of echo intensity in thigh muscle, knee extension torque, skeletal muscle mass and phase angle, physical function |
Zhu et al. (2019a) [69] | Control: 72.2 ± 6.6 Exercise: 74.5 ± 7.1 Exercise and nutrition: 74.8 ± 6.9 | 26/87 | Mixed aerobic and resistance exercise, nutrition supplement | Nutrition, AT, RT | Mild | Maintain usual diet and activities | 3 months | Body composition, gait speed, quality of life (SF-12 physical component score) |
Zhu et al. (2019b) [70] | Taichi: 88.8 ± 3.7 Whole body vibration: 89.5 ± 4.4 Control: 87.5 ± 3.0 | 90/0 | Taichi, whole body vibration | Taichi, vibration | – | Maintain usual diet and activities | 2 months | Handgrip strength, lower limb strength, 6-m gait speed test, TUG, 5 s sit to stand test |
Bagheri et al. (2020) [71] | E + R: 64.1 ± 3.3 R + E: 63.8 ± 3.6 C: 65 ± 3.9 | 30/0 | Resistance training, endurance training, Resistance training plus endurance training | AT, RT | Vigorous | Control | 8 weeks | Upper body strength, lower body strength |
Björkman et al. (2020) [72] | Protein: 83.6 ± 4.7 Iso-caloric placebo: 84.0 ± 3.9 Control: 83.7 ± 5.1 | 70/148 | Protein and vitamin D supplement, home based aerobic exercise | Nutrition, AT | – | Home based aerobic exercise | 12 months | Handgrip strength, SPPB |
Chang et al. (2020) [73] | 79.3 ± 5.1 | 0/40 | Elastic band resistance training | RT | Mild | No resistance exercise | 3 months | SMI, handgrip strength, leg strength, gait speed |
Liao et al. (2020) [74] | 70.9 ± 7.3 | 0/40 | Elastic band resistance training | RT | Moderate to vigorous | Health education | 3 months | Body composition, gait speed, 30-s chair stand test |
Oh et al. (2020) [75] | Antigravity treadmill: 76.94 ± 9.43 Conventional rehab: 81.15 ± 4.90 | 12/26 | Antigravity treadmill and standard rehabilitation exercises | Rehabilitation exercise | – | Standard rehabilitation exercises | 10 days | Handgrip strength, quality of life (EQ-5D) |
Rooks et al. (2020) [76] | Bimagrumab: 79.5 ± 5.46 Placebo: 78.3 ± 5.03 | 71/109 | Bimagrumab | Drug | – | Placebo | 7 months | Body composition, SPPB, handgrip strength, 6-min walk distance, gait speed |
Espinoza et al. (2021) [77] | 67.5 ± 5.4 | 6/15 | Intranasal oxytocin | Drug | – | Intranasal saline | 2 months | Body composition, SPPB, TUG |
Lee et al. (2021) [78] | Exercise: 70.13 ± 4.41 Control: 71.82 ± 5.23 | 0/27 | Resistance exercise | RT | Moderate | Health education | 3 months | Body composition, ASMI, handgrip strength, gait speed, TUG, 30-s chair stand test |
Li et al. (2021) [79] | Nutrition: 70.04 ± 3.98 Exercise: 73.73 ± 5.69 Nutrition + Exercise: 71.52 ± 5.28 Control: 72.91 ± 6.29 | 70/99 | Protein, vitamin D, and fish oil supplementation, mixed aerobic and resistance exercise | Nutrition, AT, RT | Vigorous | Routine consultation | 3 months | Body composition, handgrip strength |
Nasimi et al. (2021) [80] | Intervention: 71.0 (69.0, 73.5)a Control: 69.0 (66.0, 75.5)a | 50/16 | Yogurt fortified with beta-Hydroxy beta- Methyl Butyrate (HMB) and vitamins D and C | Nutrition | – | Plain yogurt | 3 months | Body composition, handgrip strength, gait speed |
Osuka et al. (2021) [81] | 72.1 ± 4.3 | 0/156 | β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation and resistance exercise | Nutrition, RT | Moderate to vigorous | Health education and placebo supplement | 3 months | Body composition, handgrip strength, gait speed, TUG, 5-repetition sit-to-stand time |
Seo et al. (2021) [82] | Exercise: 70.3 ± 5.38 Control: 72.9 ± 4.75 | 0/22 | Resistance exercise | RT | Moderate to vigorous | No exercise intervention | 4 months | Body composition, handgrip strength, gait speed |
Lace study group et al. (2022) [83] | Perindopril/leucine:78.1 ± 5.5 Perindopril:79.5 ± 6.6 Leucine:78.6 ± 6.5 Placebo: 79 ± 5.7 | 67/78 | Perindopril 4 mg, or oral leucine powder 2.5 g thrice daily | Drug | – | Placebo | 12 months | SPPB, maximum grip strength, maximum quadriceps strength, six-minute walk distance, four metre walk speed, five times sit to stand test, instrumental activities of daily living, ASMI, quality of life (EQ5D-3 level version) |