Movement patterns during gait initiation in older adults with various stages of frailty: a biomechanical analysis

Table 2 Results of the post-hoc tests for variables with significant differences between groups

Dependent variable	Groups compared	Mean difference	95% Confidence Interval		p
Dependent variable	Groups compared	Mean difference	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	p
Age	Non-frail - pre-frail	−2.18	−6.90	2.54	0.776
	Non-frail - frail	−6.02	−11.18	−0.86	0.017
	Prefrail - frail	−3.84	−2.20	9.87	0.367
FES	Non-frail - pre-frail	−1.50	−4.48	1.48	0.657
	Non-frail - frail	−5.10	−8.28	−1.93	< .001
	Prefrail - frail	−3.60	−7.38	0.17	0.066
ABC	Non-frail - pre-frail	8.66	− 0.34	17.65	0.063
	Non-frail - frail	26.74	16.90	36.58	< .001
	Prefrail - frail	18.08	−29.59	−6.58	< .001
Unloading phase duration (s)	Non-frail - pre-frail	−0.03	−0.08	0.02	0.440
	Non-frail - frail	−0.07	− 0.12	− 0.01	0.018
	Prefrail - frail	−0.03	−0.10	0.03	0.601
Double support phase duration (s)	Non-frail - pre-frail	−0.02	−0.06	0.02	0.452
	Non-frail - frail	−0.05	−0.09	− 0.01	0.011
	Prefrail - frail	−0.03	−0.08	0.02	0.454
Total GI duration (s)	Non-frail - pre-frail	−0.04	−0.14	0.06	0.925
	Non-frail - frail	−0.15	−0.26	− 0.04	0.003
	Prefrail - frail	−0.11	−0.24	0.02	0.103
Step length step 1 (m)	Non-frail - pre-frail	0.09	0.02	0.15	0.005
	Non-frail - frail	0.14	0.07	0.21	< .001
	Prefrail - frail	0.05	−0.03	0.13	0.375

ISSN: 1861-6909