Table 1 Participants’ characteristics

Physical characteristics

n = 175

n = 41

n = 59

n = 320

n = 370

Age (years)

57.9 ± 0.3^{a, b}

56.6 ± 5.1^b

56.8 ± 5.1^b

50.1 ± 0.8

50.1 ± 0.8

Height (m)

1.792 ± 0.067

1.777 ± 0.085

1.653 ± 0.063^b

1.800 ± 0.064

1.672 ± 0.060

Weight (kg)

85.7 ± 14.7

83.7 ± 14.3^c

71.5 ± 14.4

86.9 ± 15.0^c

71.1 ± 14.1

Body Mass Index (kg*m⁻²)

26.7 ± 4.1

26.5 ± 4.2

26.1 ± 4.8

26.8 ± 4.3^c

25.4 ± 4.9

Body Fat (%)

22.6 ± 5.8

21.4 ± 6.7^c

32.5 ± 6.8

21.3 ± 6.3^c

31.4 ± 6.9

Physical activity (24-hour MET score)

38.8 (36.9–42.4)^b

39.8 (37.3–44.6)

38.6 (36.5–40.7)^b

40.1 (37.4–43.3)

39.3 (37.7–42.2)

Maximal Grip Strength (kg)

48.4 ± 8.0^b

50.4 ± 7.6^c

31.1 ± 5.4^b

52.3 ± 8.6^c

32.6 ± 5.1

Fatigue Resistance (sec)

33.4 (24.3–44.6)

35.2 (26.9–46.1)

33.7 (20.4–48.6)

34.7 (27.0-47.2)

36.4 (25.5–53.7)

Grip Work (kg*sec)

1264.8^b  (874.7-1625.6)

1287.7  (983.2-1858.3)

814.2  (467.0-1085.3)

1375.9^c (1028.2-1841.7)

897.1  (600.4-1266.3)

Grip Work /body mass (kg*sec*kg⁻¹)

14.4 (10.5–19.5)

16.4 (11.9–21.5)^c

11.5 (5.7–18.2)

16.4 (11.6–21.8)^c

12.4 (8.0-19.3)

Self-perceived fatigue (MFI-20)

n = 159

n = 37

n = 56

n = 311

n = 366

Total Fatigue score (score 20–100)

46 (36–55)^{a, b}

38 (31–45)

39 (31–53)

36 (30–46)^c

41 (31–52)

CPV ratio

n = 159

n = 37

n = 56

n = 311

n = 366

CPV- Total Fatigue ratio

28,58^b  (19,93 − 40,98)

32,36^c  (22,82 − 54,67)

17,97  (12,61 − 31,73

38,39^c  (26,05–51,62)

22,07  (12,49 − 35,67)

Inflammatory conditions(y/n)

115/60

22/19

36/23

179/140

201/168

Acute systemic inflammatory event (y/n)

74/101

15/26

24/35

118/201

134/235

Auto-immune disease or arthritis (y/n)

55/120

8/33

16/43

66/254

87/283

Lung disease (y/n)

27/148

5/36

7/52

37/283

47/323

Chronic viral infection (y/n)

0/175

1/40

0/59

3/316

2/367

Inflammatory parameters

n = 169

n = 41

n = 59

n = 316

n = 363

hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.0 (0.5–2.3)

1.0 (0.5–2.5)

1.2 (0.5–2.4)

1.1 (0.5–2.3)

0.9 (0.5–2.1)

IFN-γ (pg/mL)

0.43 (0.30–0.63)

0.44 (0.32–0.81)

0.45 (0.34–0.58)

0.40 (0.28–0.66)

0.40 (0.28–0.58)

IL-6 (pg/mL)

2.01 (1.37–3.55)^b

1.85 (1.16–3.01)

1.86 (1.27–2.65)

1.47 (1.01–2.28)

1.46 (1.02–2.34)

IL-10 (pg/mL)

1.29 (0.80–2.06)

1.34 (0.84–2.98)

1.00 (0.60–2.22)

1.05 (0.65–1.88)

0.91 (0.53–1.79)

TNF-alpha (pg/mL)

4.74 (4.02–6.02)

5.19 (4.46–6.24)

4.22 (3.56–5.40)

4.58 (3.38–5.59)^c

4.13 (3.47–5.22)