Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Age (years)

54.09 ± 8.80

52.99 ± 8.18

< 0.0001

Educational level, n (%)

< 0.0001

 ≤Elementary school

4,288 (9.51)

16,611 (20.44)

 Middle/high school

24,201 (53.69)

48,770 (60.02)

 ≥College

16,587 (36.80)

15,882 (19.54)

Drinking habit, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Never drinker

9,034 (20.04)

54,908 (67.57)

 Ex-drinker

3,219 (7.14)

1,466 (1.80)

 Current drinker

32,823 (72.82)

24,889 (30.63)

Smoking habit, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Never smoker

11,987 (26.59)

78,243 (96.28)

 Ex-smoker

18,402 (40.83)

1,037 (1.28)

 Current smoker

14,687 (32.58)

1,983 (2.44)

PA-time (min/week)

183.69 ± 262.32

145.83 ± 220.11

< 0.0001

RT, n (%)

6,380 (14.15)

7,740 (9.52)

< 0.0001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.38 ± 2.77

23.68 ± 2.99

< 0.0001

WC (cm)

85.71 ± 7.60

78.62 ± 8.39

< 0.0001

Fat-free mass (kg)

53.08 ± 5.75

39.77 ± 3.99

< 0.0001

FFMI (kg/m²)

18.62 ± 1.49

16.26 ± 1.26

< 0.0001

Low muscle mass, n (%)

9,586 (21.27)

5,622 (6.92)

< 0.0001

SBP (mmHg)

124.89 ± 14.40

120.53 ± 15.14

< 0.0001

DBP (mmHg)

78.39 ± 9.73

74.60 ± 9.66

< 0.0001

T-Chol (mg/dL)

192.56 ± 34.84

199.02 ± 35.60

< 0.0001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

48.70 ± 11.86

55.37 ± 12.95

< 0.0001

TG (mg/dL)

150.41 ± 107.42

113.98 ± 74.38

< 0.0001

FBG (mg/dL)

99.41 ± 24.42

93.12 ± 19.40

< 0.0001

Hypertension, n (%)

15,885 (35.24)

21,126 (26.00)

< 0.0001

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

6,090 (13.51)

6,530 (8.04)

< 0.0001