Table 1 Characteristics of participants by sex

Men (n = 33,746)

Women (n = 36,799)

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

KCL total score (2016)

30,302

3.96

3.08

31,501

3.72

3.02

Δ KCL total score (2016–2019)

 All participants

25,806

0.62

2.77

25,938

0.61

2.57

 Not participating in any of group

14,601

0.63

2.86

13,002

0.61

2.70

 Participating in any of group

8779

0.57

2.51

9524

0.59

2.34

 Missing

2426

3412

n

%

n

%

Types of sports and exercise groups (multiple answer)

 Fitness exercises

959

2.8

4785

13.0

 Walking

2803

8.3

2919

7.9

 Golf

3964

11.8

457

1.2

 Weight exercises

1297

3.8

2,243

6.1

 Ground golf

1911

5.7

1467

4.0

 Swimming

617

1.8

1143

3.1

 Dance

306

0.9

1389

3.8

 Hiking

922

2.7

748

2.0

 Yoga

160

0.5

1424

3.9

 Table tennis

560

1.7

965

2.6

 Aquatic exercises

350

1.0

905

2.5

 Tai Chi

244

0.7

943

2.6

 Tennis

642

1.9

362

1.0

 Aerobics

121

0.4

657

1.8

 Running/Jogging

554

1.6

197

0.5

 Bowling

386

1.1

289

0.8

 Gateball

207

0.6

169

0.5

 Bicycling

149

0.4

42

0.1

 Petanque

102

0.3

86

0.2

 Other

1602

4.8

1173

3.2

 (Any of)

10,853

32.2

12,494

34.0

 Missing

3757

11.1

6021

16.4

Age groups (years)

 65–69

11,157

33.1

12,332

33.5

 70–74

9992

29.6

11,021

30.0

 75–79

7651

22.7

8535

23.2

 80–84

3,758

11.1

3794

10.3

 ≥ 85

1188

3.5

1117

3.0