Aiello LP, Cahill MT, Wong JS (2001) Systemic considerations in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 132:760–776
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Albright A, Franz M, Hornsby G, Kriska A, Marrero D, Ullrich I, Verity LS (2000) American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:1345–1360
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Alssema M, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Bouter LM, Heine RJ (2005) Proinsulin concentration is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: an 11-year follow-up of the Hoorn study. Diabetes Care 28:860–865
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association (2006) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 29(Suppl 1):S43–S48
Google Scholar
Anderwald C, Roden M (2004) Adipotoxicity and the insulin resistance syndrome. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 1:310–319
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baldi JC, Snowling N (2003) Resistance training improves glycaemic control in obese type 2 diabetic men. Int J Sports Med 24:419–423
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Balducci S, Leonetti F, Di Mario U, Fallucca F (2004) Is a long-term aerobic plus resistance training program feasible for and effective on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients? Diabetes Care 27:841–842
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barnard RJ, Jung T, Inkeles SB (1994) Diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM. The need for early emphasis. Diabetes Care 17:1469–1472
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Baron AD, Schaeffer L, Shragg P, Kolterman OG (1987) Role of hyperglucagonemia in maintenance of increased rates of hepatic glucose output in type II diabetics. Diabetes 36:274–283
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Baumgartner RN, Wayne SJ, Waters DL, Janssen I, Gallagher D, Morley JE (2004) Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res 12:1995–2004
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berrone E, Beltramo E, Solimine C, Ubertalli Ape A, Porta M (2006) Regulation of intracellular glucose and polyol pathway by thiamine and benfotiamine in vascular cells cultured in high glucose. J Biol Chem 281(14):9307–9313
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Boyle JP, Honeycutt AA, Narayan KM, Hoerger TJ, Geiss LS, Chen H, Thompson TJ (2001) Projection of diabetes burden through 2050: impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the U.S. Diabetes Care 24:1936–1940
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Brandon LJ, Gaasch DA, Boyette LW, Lloyd AM (2003) Effects of long-term resistive training on mobility and strength in older adults with diabetes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58:740–745
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brandon LJ, Boyette LW, Lloyd A, Gaasch DA (2004) Resistive training and long-term function in older adults. J Aging Phys Act 12:10–28
PubMed
Google Scholar
Butler AE, Janson J, Bonner-Weir S, Ritzel R, Rizza RA, Butler PC (2003) Beta-cell deficit and increased beta-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52:102–110
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, Gordon PL, Walsmith J, Foldvari M, Roubenoff R, Tucker KL, Nelson ME (2002) A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:2335–2341
PubMed
Google Scholar
Castillo EM, Goodman-Gruen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Morton DJ, Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E (2003) Sarcopenia in elderly men and women: the Rancho Bernardo study. Am J Prev Med 25:226–231
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz-Schimmerl S, Pacini G, Wagner O, Georg P, Prager R, Kostner K, Dunky A, Haber P (2005) The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86:1527–1533
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charlton MR, Nair KS (1998) Role of hyperglucagonemia in catabolism associated with type 1 diabetes: effects on leucine metabolism and the resting metabolic rate. Diabetes 47:1748–1756
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Church TS, LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Blair SN (2005) Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men with diabetes. Arch Intern Med 165:2114–2120
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Cuff DJ, Meneilly GS, Martin A, Ignaszewski A, Tildesley HD, Frohlich JJ (2003) Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:2977–2982
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dang L, Seale JP, Qu X (2005) High glucose-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell hyperpermeability is dependent on protein kinase C activation and independent of the Ca2+-nitric oxide signalling pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 32:771–776
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Davidson JA (2004) Treatment of the patient with diabetes: importance of maintaining target HbA(1c) levels. Curr Med Res Opin 20:1919–1927
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
DCCT Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 329:977–986
Google Scholar
DCCT Research Group (1995) Effect of intensive diabetes management on macro-vascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Am J Cardiol 75:894–903
Google Scholar
Degens H, Alway SE (2006) Control of muscle size during disuse, disease, and aging. Int J Sports Med 27:94–99
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Dela F, Holten M, Juel C (2004) Effect of resistance training on Na,K pump and Na+/H+ exchange protein densities in muscle from control and patients with type 2 diabetes. Pflugers Arch 447:928–933
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Duan W, Paka L, Pillarisetti S (2005) Distinct effects of glucose and glucosamine on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells: evidence for a protective role for glucosamine in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 4:16
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dunstan DW, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Burke V, Morton AR, Stanton KG (1998) Effects of a short-term circuit weight training program on glycaemic control in NIDDM. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 40:53–61
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J, Zimmet P (2002) High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:1729–1736
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, Vulikh E, Shaw J, Zimmet P (2005) Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:3–9
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eriksson KF, Lindgarde F (1998) No excess 12-year mortality in men with impaired glucose tolerance who participated in the Malmo Preventive Trial with diet and exercise. Diabetologia 41:1010–1016
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (2002) American Diabetes Association: clinical practice recommendations 2002. Diabetes Care 25(Suppl 1):S1–S147
Google Scholar
Felig P, Wahren J, Sherwin R, Palaiologos G (1977) Amino acid and protein metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 137:507–513
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G (2004) Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and co-morbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59:255–263
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedman EA (1999) Advanced glycosylated end products and hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Diabetes Care 22(Suppl 2):B65–B71
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Lutz KJ, Evans WJ (1991) A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to 78-yr-old men and women. J Appl Physiol 71:644–650
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Fielding RA, Fiatarone MA, Evans WJ, Roubenoff R (2000) Aging of skeletal muscle: a 12-yr longitudinal study. J Appl Physiol 88:1321–1326
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Gaster B, Hirsch IB (1998) The effects of improved glycemic control on complications in type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 158:134–140
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI (1998) Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the U.S. population, 1971–1993. Diabetes Care 21:1138–1145
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, Eberhardt MS, Goldstein DE, Little RR, Wiedmeyer HM, Byrd-Holt DD (1998) Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Diabetes Care 21:518–524
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Herriott MT, Colberg SR, Parson HK, Nunnold T, Vinik AI (2004) Effects of 8 weeks of flexibility and resistance training in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:2988–2989
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hersey WC,3rd, Graves JE, Pollock ML, Gingerich R, Shireman RB, Heath GW, Spierto F, McCole SD, Hagberg JM (1994) Endurance exercise training improves body composition and plasma insulin responses in 70- to 79-year-old men and women. Metabolism 43:847–854
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hersey WC III, Graves JE, Pollock ML, Gingerich R, Shireman RB, Heath GW, Spierto F, McCole SD, Hagberg JM (1994) Endurance exercise training improves body composition and plasma insulin responses in 70- to 79-year-old men and women. Metabolism 43:847–854
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Higa M, Zhou YT, Ravazzola M, Baetens D, Orci L, Unger RH (1999) Troglitazone prevents mitochondrial alterations, beta cell destruction, and diabetes in obese prediabetic rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:11513–11518
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hogan P, Dall T, Nikolov P (2003) American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care 26:917–932
PubMed
Google Scholar
Holten MK, Zacho M, Gaster M, Juel C, Wojtaszewski JF, Dela F (2004) Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 53:294–305
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Honkola A, Forsen T, Eriksson J (1997) Resistance training improves the metabolic profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 34:245–248
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hsieh CJ, Wang PW (2005) Effectiveness of weight loss in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest 28:973–977
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hughes VA, Frontera WR, Wood M, Evans WJ, Dallal GE, Roubenoff R, Fiatarone Singh MA (2001) Longitudinal muscle strength changes in older adults: influence of muscle mass, physical activity, and health. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56:B209–B217
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hughes VA, Frontera WR, Roubenoff R, Evans WJ, Singh MA (2002) Longitudinal changes in body composition in older men and women: role of body weight change and physical activity. Am J Clin Nutr 76:473–481
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hyttinen V, Kaprio J, Kinnunen L, Koskenvuo M, Tuomilehto J (2003) Genetic liability of type 1 diabetes and the onset age among 22,650 young Finnish twin pairs: a nationwide follow-up study. Diabetes 52:1052–1055
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Ibanez J, Izquierdo M, Arguelles I, Forga L, Larrion JL, Garcia-Unciti M, Idoate F, Gorostiaga EM (2005) Twice-weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:662–667
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ishii T, Yamakita T, Sato T, Tanaka S, Fujii S (1998) Resistance training improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM subjects without altering maximal oxygen uptake. Diabetes Care 21:1353–1355
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Jackson AS, Beard EF, Wier LT, Ross RM, Stuteville JE, Blair SN (1995) Changes in aerobic power of men, ages 25–70 yr. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27:113–120
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Jove M, Planavila A, Sanchez RM, Merlos M, Laguna JC, Vazquez-Carrera M (2006) Palmitate induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells by a mechanism involving protein kinase C and nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Endocrinology 147:552–561
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kannel WB, McGee DL (1979) Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA 241:2035–2038
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Karakelides H, Sreekumaran Nair K (2005) Sarcopenia of aging and its metabolic impact. Curr Top Dev Biol 68:123–148
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Katzmarzyk PT, Janssen I, Ross R, Church TS, Blair SN (2006) The importance of waist circumference in the definition of metabolic syndrome: prospective analyses of mortality in men. Diabetes Care 29:404–409
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelley DE, Goodpaster BH (2001) Effects of exercise on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:S495–501; discussion S528–S529
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kesaniemi YK, Danforth E,Jr, Jensen MD, Kopelman PG, Lefebvre P, Reeder BA (2001) Dose–response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:S351–S358
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Khan ZA, Chakrabarti S (2003) Endothelins in chronic diabetic complications. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 81:622–634
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khan ZA, Farhangkhoee H, Chakrabarti S (2006) Towards newer molecular targets for chronic diabetic complications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 4:45–57
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kharroubi I, Ladriere L, Cardozo AK, Dogusan Z, Cnop M, Eizirik DL (2004) Free fatty acids and cytokines induce pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis by different mechanisms: role of nuclear factor-kappaB and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Endocrinology 145:5087–5096
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kim BJ, Robinson CJ (2005) Postural control and detection of slip/fall initiation in the elderly population. Ergonomics 48:1065–1085
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE (1989) The Wisconsin epidemiological study of diabetic retinopathy: a review. Diabetes Metab Rev 5:559–570
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Koeslag JH, Saunders PT, Terblanche E (2003) A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex. J Physiol 549:333–346
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Lamson DW, Plaza SM (2002) Mitochondrial factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes: a hypothesis for treatment. Altern Med Rev 7:94–111
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lindstrom J, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Rastas M, Salminen V, Eriksson J, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J, Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group (2003) The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care 26:3230–3236
PubMed
Google Scholar
Loimaala A, Huikuri HV, Koobi T, Rinne M, Nenonen A, Vuori I (2003) Exercise training improves baroreflex sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52:1837–1842
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ris F, Oberholzer J, Joller-Jemelka HI, Spinas GA, Kaiser N, Halban PA, Donath MY (2002) Glucose-induced beta cell production of IL-1beta contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets. J Clin Invest 110:851–860
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Cheetham C, Dembo L, Stanton K, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D (2001) The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:860–866
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D (2002) Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 56:115–123
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Manley S (2003) Haemoglobin A1c—a marker for complications of type 2 diabetes: the experience from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). Clin Chem Lab Med 41:1182–1190
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Maser RE, Lenhard MJ (2005) Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy due to diabetes mellitus: clinical manifestations, consequences, and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5896–5903
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Medici F, Hawa M, Ianari A, Pyke DA, Leslie RD (1999) Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42:146–150
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Morris AD, McAlpine R, Steinke D, Boyle DI, Ebrahim AR, Vasudev N, Stewart CP, Jung RT, Leese GP, MacDonald TM, Newton RW (1998) Diabetes and lower-limb amputations in the community. A retrospective cohort study. DARTS/MEMO Collaboration. Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland/Medicines Monitoring Unit. Diabetes Care 21:738–743
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Mortensen HB, Volund A (1988) Application of a biokinetic model for prediction and assessment of glycated haemoglobins in diabetic patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 48:595–602
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Mosca L, Edelman D, Mochari H, Christian AH, Paultre F, Pollin I (2006) Waist circumference predicts cardiometabolic and global Framingham risk among women screened during National Woman’s Heart Day. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 15:24–34
Article
Google Scholar
Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick EM, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, Tylavsky FA, Rubin SM, Harris TB (2006) Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61:72–77
PubMed
Google Scholar
Olansky L (2004) Advances in diabetes for the millennium: chronic microvascular complications of diabetes. MedGenMed 6:14
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pacher P, Szabo C (2005) Role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activation in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications: endothelial dysfunction, as a common underlying theme. Antioxid Redox Signal 7:1568–1580
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, Hu ZX, Lin J, Xiao JZ, Cao HB, Liu PA, Jiang XG, Jiang YY, Wang JP, Zheng H, Zhang H, Bennett PH, Howard BV (1997) Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 20:537–544
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Petersen KF, Befroy D, Dufour S, Dziura J, Ariyan C, Rothman DL, DiPietro L, Cline GW, Shulman GI (2003) Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: possible role in insulin resistance. Science 300:1140–1142
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Phillips PJ, Phillipov G (2005) A1C-frequently asked questions. Aust Fam Physician 34:663–667
PubMed
Google Scholar
Raguso CA, Kyle U, Kossovsky MP, Roynette C, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Hans D, Genton L, Pichard C (2005) A 3-year longitudinal study on body composition changes in the elderly: role of physical exercise. Clin Nutr 25(4):573–580
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rahimi K, Secknus MA, Adam M, Hayerizadeh BF, Fiedler M, Thiery J, Schuler G (2005) Correlation of exercise capacity with high-sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 150:1282–1289
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Reiber GE (1993) Epidemiology of the diabetic foot. In: Levin ME, O’Neal LW, Bowker JH (eds) The diabetic foot, 5th edn. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, pp 1–5
Google Scholar
Rhodes CJ (2005) Type 2 diabetes—a matter of beta-cell life and death? Science 307:380–384
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Selvin E, Coresh J, Golden SH, Boland LL, Brancati FL, Steffes MW (2005) Atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Glycemic control, atherosclerosis, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes Care 28:1965–1973
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shephard RJ (1997) Impact of regular physical activity on age-associated changes in physiological systems. In: Shephard RJ (ed) Aging, physical activity, and health. Human Kinetics, Windsor, pp 139–197
Google Scholar
Shichiri M, Kishikawa H, Ohkubo Y, Wake N (2000) Long-term results of the Kumamoto study on optimal diabetes control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 23(Suppl 2):B21–B29
PubMed
Google Scholar
Soedamah-Muthu SS, Fuller JH, Mulnier HE, Raleigh VS, Lawrenson RA, Colhoun HM (2006) All-cause mortality rates in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared with a non-diabetic population from the UK general practice research database, 1992–1999. Diabetologia 49(4):660–666
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Stewart KJ, Bacher AC, Turner K, Lim JG, Hees PS, Shapiro EP, Tayback M, Ouyang P (2005) Exercise and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older adults. Am J Prev Med 28:9–18
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stone PH, Muller JE, Hartwell T, York BJ, Rutherford JD, Parker CB, Turi ZG, Strauss HW, Willerson JT, Robertson T (1989) The effect of diabetes mellitus on prognosis and serial left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction: contribution of both coronary disease and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction to the adverse prognosis. The MILIS Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:49–57
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Sushruta SC (1938) Anonymous Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji Acharia, 3rd edn. Nirnyar Sagar Press, Bombay
Google Scholar
Swerdlow AJ, Jones ME (1996) Mortality during 25 years of follow-up of a cohort with diabetes. Int J Epidemiol 25:1250–1261
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Tokmakidis SP, Zois CE, Volaklis KA, Kotsa K, Touvra AM (2004) The effects of a combined strength and aerobic exercise program on glucose control and insulin action in women with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:437–442
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
UKPDS Group (1998) Tight blood pressure control and risk of macro-vascular and micro-vascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 317:703–713
Google Scholar
United Nations (2005) World population prospects: the 2004 revision. Population Newsletter, no. 79. Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Uusitupa MI (1996) Early lifestyle intervention in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Ann Med 28:445–449
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Venojarvi M, Puhke R, Hamalainen H, Marniemi J, Rastas M, Rusko H, Nuutila P, Hanninen O, Aunola S (2005) Role of skeletal muscle-fibre type in regulation of glucose metabolism in middle-aged subjects with impaired glucose tolerance during a long-term exercise and dietary intervention. Diabetes Obes Metab 7:745–754
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Vinik AI, Freeman R, Erbas T (2003) Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Semin Neurol 23:365–372
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Alberti KG (2000) Physical activity, metabolic factors, and the incidence of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 160:2108–2116
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Wei M, Gibbons LW, Kampert JB, Nichaman MZ, Blair SN (2000) Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity as predictors of mortality in men with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 132:605–611
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2002) Diabetes mellitus. Fact sheet no. 138
World Health Organization (2002) Diabetes mellitus: the cost of diabetes. Fact sheet no. 236
Yoon KH, Ko SH, Cho JH, Lee JM, Ahn YB, Song KH, Yoo SJ, Kang MI, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY, Kang SK, Kim HS, Lee IK, Bonner-Weir S (2003) Selective beta-cell loss and alpha-cell expansion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2300–2308
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Young A, Stokes M, Crowe M (1984) Size and strength of the quadriceps muscles of old and young women. Eur J Clin Invest 14:282–287
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Young A, Stokes M, Crowe M (1985) The size and strength of the quadriceps muscles of old and young men. Clin Physiol 5:145–154
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar