No authors listed (1998) American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30(6):992–1008
Google Scholar
No authors listed (1998) American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30(6):975–991
Google Scholar
Badke MB et al (2004) Outcomes after rehabilitation for adults with balance dysfunction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(2):227–233
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Belen’kii VE, Gurfinkel VS, Pal’tsev EI (1967) Control elements of voluntary movements. Biofizika 12(1):135–141
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Boissy P, Yurkow J, Chopra A, Oddsson L, De Luca C (2000) Balance training in the elderly using Swiss ball: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81(10):1463
Google Scholar
Bouisset S, Zattara M (1990) Segmental movement as a perturbation to balance? Facts and concepts. In: Winters J, Woo S (eds) Multiple muscle systems: biomechanics and movement organization. Springer, Berlin, pp 498–506
Google Scholar
Bouisset S, Zattara M (1981) A sequence of postural movements precedes voluntary movement. Neurosci Lett 22:263–270
Article
Google Scholar
Brown JE, Frank JS (1987) Influence of event anticipation on postural actions accompanying voluntary movement. Exp Brain Res 67(3):645–650
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Buchner DM (1997) Preserving mobility in older adults. West J Med 167(4):258–264
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Buchner DM et al (1993) The Seattle FICSIT/MoveIt study: the effect of exercise on gait and balance in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 41(3):321–325
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Chandler JM et al (1998) Is lower extremity strength gain associated with improvement in physical performance and disability in frail, community-dwelling elders? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79(1):24–30
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Cordo PJ, Nashner LM (1982) Properties of postural adjustments associated with rapid arm movements. J Neurophysiol 47(2):287–302
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Crenna P, Frigo C (1991) A motor programme for the initiation of forward-oriented movements in humans. J Physiol 437:635–653
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Crenna P et al (1987) Forward and backward axial synergies in man. Exp Brain Res 65(3):538–548
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Daubney ME, Culham EG (1999) Lower-extremity muscle force and balance performance in adults aged 65 years and older. Phys Ther 79(12):1177–1185
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Diener HC et al (1983) Variability of postural “reflexes” in humans. Exp Brain Res 52(3):423–428
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Dietz V et al (1992) Regulation of bipedal stance: dependency on “load” receptors. Exp Brain Res 89(1):229–231
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Dietz V et al (1989) Human postural reflexes and gravity—an under water simulation. Neurosci Lett 106(3):350–355
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Do MC, Breniere Y, Brenguier P (1982) A biomechanical study of balance recovery during the fall forward. J Biomech 15(12):933–939
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Fiatarone MA et al (1993) The Boston FICSIT study: the effects of resistance training and nutritional supplementation on physical frailty in the oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc 41(3):333–337
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Fong SM, Ng GY (2006) The effects on sensorimotor performance and balance with Tai Chi training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87(1):82–87
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Forssberg H, Hirschfeld H (1994) Postural adjustments in sitting humans following external perturbations: muscle activity and kinematics. Exp Brain Res 97(3):515–527
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Friedli WG, Hallett M, Simon SR (1984) Postural adjustments associated with rapid voluntary arm movements 1. Electromyographic data. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47(6):611–622
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Gahery Y, Massion J (1981) Co-ordination between posture and movement. Trends Neurosci 4:199–203
Article
Google Scholar
Gillespie L et al (2004) Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 1. Wiley, Chichester, UK
Google Scholar
Gurfinkel V, Latash M (1979) Segmental postural mechanisms and reversal of muscle reflexes. Agressiologie 20:145–146
Google Scholar
Harre D (1982) Principles of sports training, introduction to the theory and methods of training. Sportverlag, Berlin, Germany
Google Scholar
Hirschfeld H, Forssberg H (1994) Epigenetic development of postural responses for sitting during infancy. Exp Brain Res 97(3):528–540
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hocherman S, Dickstein R, Pillar T (1984) Platform training and postural stability in hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 65(10):588–592
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Horak FB, Nashner LM (1986) Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support–surface configurations. J Neurophysiol 55(6):1369–1381
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hornbrook MC, Stevens VJ, Wingfield DJ (1993) Seniors’ program for injury control and education. J Am Geriatr Soc 41(3):309–314
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hornbrook MC et al (1994) Preventing falls among community-dwelling older persons: results from a randomized trial. Gerontologist 34(1):16–23
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hu MH, Woollacott MH (1994) Multisensory training of standing balance in older adults: I. Postural stability and one-leg stance balance. J Gerontol 49(2):M52–M61
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hu MH, Woollacott MH (1994) Multisensory training of standing balance in older adults: II. Kinematic and electromyographic postural responses. J Gerontol 49(2):M62–M71
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Judge JO, Whipple RH, Wolfson LI (1994) Effects of resistive and balance exercises on isokinetic strength in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 42(9):937–946
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kamel HK et al (2003) Time to ambulation after hip fracture surgery: relation to hospitalization outcomes. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci 58(11):1042–1045
Google Scholar
Kasai T, Kawai K (1994) Quantitative EMG analysis of anticipatory postural adjustments of voluntary contraction of leg muscles in standing man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 93(3):184–187
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kaya BK, Krebs DE, Riley PO (1998) Dynamic stability in elders: momentum control in locomotor ADL. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci 53(2):M126–M134
CAS
Google Scholar
Keshner EA, Woollacott MH, Debu B (1988) Neck, trunk and limb muscle responses during postural perturbations in humans. Exp Brain Res 71(3):455–466
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
King MB, Tinetti ME (1996) A multifactorial approach to reducing injurious falls. Clin Geriatr Med 12(4):745–759
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Latham N et al (2004) Progressive resistance strength training for physical disability in older people (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 3. Wiley, Chichester, UK
Google Scholar
Layne CS, Abraham LD (1991) Interactions between automatic postural adjustments and anticipatory postural patterns accompanying voluntary movement. Int J Neurosci 61(3–4):241–254
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Ledin T et al (1990) Effects of balance training in elderly evaluated by clinical tests and dynamic posturography. J Vestib Res 1(2):129–138
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee W (1980) Anticipatory control of postural and task muscles during rapid arm flexion. J Mot Behav 12:185–196
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Lee WA, Buchanan TS, Rogers MW (1987) Effects of arm acceleration and behavioral conditions on the organization of postural adjustments during arm flexion. Exp Brain Res 66(2):257–270
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Li F et al (2005) Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(2):187–194
Google Scholar
Lin MR et al (2006) Community-based tai chi and its effect on injurious falls, balance, gait, and fear of falling in older people. Phys Ther 86(9):1189–1201
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Macpherson JM (1988) Strategies that simplify the control of quadrupedal stance. I. Forces at the ground. J Neurophysiol 60(1):204–217
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Macpherson JM (1988) Strategies that simplify the control of quadrupedal stance. II. Electromyographic activity. J Neurophysiol 60(1):218–231
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Maki BE (1993) Biomechanical approach to quantifying anticipatory postural adjustments in the elderly. Med Biol Eng Comput 31(4):355–362
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Maki BE, Holliday PJ, Topper AK (1994) A prospective study of postural balance and risk of falling in an ambulatory and independent elderly population. J Gerontol 49(2):M72–M84
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Maki BE, McIlroy WE (2006) Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention. Age Ageing 35(Suppl 2):ii12–ii18
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maki BE, McIlroy WE (1997) The role of limb movements in maintaining upright stance: the “change-in-support” strategy. Phys Ther 77(5):488–507
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
McIlroy WE, Maki BE (1993) Changes in early ‘automatic’ postural responses associated with the prior-planning and execution of a compensatory step. Brain Res 631(2):203–211
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
McMurdo ME, Millar AM, Daly F (2000) A randomized controlled trial of fall prevention strategies in old peoples’ homes. Gerontology 46(2):83–87
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Melzer I, Oddsson LI (2004) The effect of a cognitive task on voluntary step execution in healthy elderly and young individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc 52(8):1255–1262
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moxley Scarborough D, Krebs DE, Harris BA (1999) Quadriceps muscle strength and dynamic stability in elderly persons. Gait Posture 10(1):10–20
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Nardone A, Schieppati M (1988) Postural adjustments associated with voluntary contraction of leg muscles in standing man. Exp Brain Res 69(3):469–480
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Nashner LM (1976) Adapting reflexes controlling the human posture. Exp Brain Res 26(1):59–72
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Nashner LM (1980) Balance adjustments of humans perturbed while walking. J Neurophysiol 44(4):650–664
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Nashner LM (1977) Fixed patterns of rapid postural responses among leg muscles during stance. Exp Brain Res 30(1):13–24
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Nelson ME et al (1994) Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 272(24):1909–1914
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Oddsson L (1988) Co-ordination of a simple voluntary multi-joint movement with postural demands: trunk extension in standing man. Acta Physiol Scand 134(1):109–118
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Oddsson L, Thorstensson A (1987) Fast voluntary trunk flexion movements in standing: motor patterns. Acta Physiol Scand 129(1):93–106
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Oddsson L, Thorstensson A (1986) Fast voluntary trunk flexion movements in standing: primary movements and associated postural adjustments. Acta Physiol Scand 128(3):341–349
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Oddsson LI (1990) Control of voluntary trunk movements in man. Mechanisms for postural equilibrium during standing. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 595:1–60
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Pedotti A et al (1989) Postural synergies in axial movements: short and long-term adaptation. Exp Brain Res 74(1):3–10
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Petrie D, Matthews LS, Howard WH (1996) Prescribing exercise for your patient. Md Med J 45(8):632–637
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Rabin DW (1995) Falls and gait disorders. In: Abrams WB, Beers MH, Berkow R (eds) The Merck manual of geriatrics. Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, pp 65–78
Google Scholar
Riley PO, Krebs DE, Popat RA (1997) Biomechanical analysis of failed sit-to-stand. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 5(4):353–359
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Rogers MW et al (2003) Step training improves the speed of voluntary step initiation in aging. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci 58(1):46–51
Google Scholar
Sale D, MacDougall D (1981) Specificity in strength training: a review for the coach and athlete. Can J Appl Sport Sci 6(2):87–92
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Sattin RW (1992) Falls among older persons: a public health perspective. Annu Rev Public Health 13:489–508
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Sattin RW et al (2005) Reduction in fear of falling through intense tai chi exercise training in older, transitionally frail adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(7):1168–1178
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sauvage LR Jr et al (1992) A clinical trial of strengthening and aerobic exercise to improve gait and balance in elderly male nursing home residents. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 71(6):333–342
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shimada H et al (2004) New intervention program for preventing falls among frail elderly people: the effects of perturbed walking exercise using a bilateral separated treadmill. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 83(7):493–499
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silsupadol P et al (2006) Training of balance under single- and dual-task conditions in older adults with balance impairment. Phys Ther 86(2):269–281
PubMed
Google Scholar
Skelton DA, Beyer N (2003) Exercise and injury prevention in older people. Scand J Med Sci Sports 13(1):77–85
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Tanaka H, Swensen T (1998) Impact of resistance training on endurance performance. A new form of cross-training? Sports Med 25(3):191–200
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Topp R et al (1993) The effect of a 12-week dynamic resistance strength training program on gait velocity and balance of older adults. Gerontologist 33(4):501–506
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Welsch MA et al (1994) Using the exercise test to develop the exercise prescription in health and disease. Prim Care 21(3):589–609
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Wolf SL et al (1997) The effect of Tai Chi Quan and computerized balance training on postural stability in older subjects. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies on Intervention Techniques. Phys Ther 77(4):371–381 (discussion 382–384)
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Wolf SL et al (2006) The influence of intense Tai Chi training on physical performance and hemodynamic outcomes in transitionally frail, older adults. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci 61(2):184–189
Google Scholar
Wolfson L et al (1996) Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance. J Am Geriatr Soc 44(5):498–506
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Wolfson L et al (1993) Training balance and strength in the elderly to improve function. J Am Geriatr Soc 41(3):341–343
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Woollacott MH, von Hosten C, Rosblad B (1988) Relation between muscle response onset and body segmental movements during postural perturbations in humans. Exp Brain Res 72(3):593–604
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar